FLUID MECHANICS LAB GD

SUBMITTED BY -:
SHUBHAM SHARMA
B.TECH 3rd YEAR MECHANICAL
1700899
 TOPIC
LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW
 LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW
When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid
experience some resistance due to which some of the
energy of fluid is lost. This loss of energy is classified as :

Major Energy Losses

Minor Energy Losses
 ENERGY LOSSES

MAJOR ENERGY LOSSES MINOR ENERGY LOSSES

This is due to friction and it is This is due to:

calculated by the following formulae :
Sudden Expansion Of Pipe
Darcy-Weisbach Formula
Sudden Contraction Of Pipe
Chezy’s Formula
Bend In Pipe
Manning’s Formula
Pipe Fittings Etc.
Hazen William’s Formula
An Obstruction In Pipe
 MAJOR LOSS

• When a fluid flows from one section to

another section ,there occurs a reduction
in total energy due to friction between pipe
wall and the flowing fluid. This energy loss
is represented as head loss (in terms of
water column in m).
 FORMULAS FOR HEAD LOSS DUE TO
FRICTION
 DARCY WEISBACH EQUATION :- According to Darcy Weisbach
formula head loss due to friction is given as :
4𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔𝐷
Where, L= Length of pipe line, f = Friction Coefficient
D = Diameter of the pipe, V = Average velocity

NOTE : Darcy Weisbach formula is most commonly used in case of pipe

flow. This formula is not applied to open channel for calculations of head loss.
• CHEZY’S FORMULA : - Chezy’s formula given as :-

V= 𝑪 𝑚𝒊

Where, m= A/P , C = Chezy’s Coefficient

i = Loss of head per unit length of pipe, V = Average velocity

NOTE : Chezy’s Formula is applicable to both pipe flow as well as

open channel flow.
 MINOR LOSSES
The minor losses of energy are those which are caused on
account of the change in the velocity of flowing fluid. The change
may be there in either magnitude or direction. Minor losses are
caused by certain local features or disturbance, which may cause
eddy formation.
In case of long pipes these losses are usually quite small as
compared with the loss of energy due to friction and hence are
called as 'minor losses'.
 THE MINOR LOSS OF ENERGY
INCLUDES FOLLOWING CASES
LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT

LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO SUDDEN CONTRACTION

 LOSS OF HEAD AT THE ENTRANCE OF PIPE

LOSS OF HEAD AT THE EXIT OF PIPE

LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO AN OBSTRUCTION

 LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO BEND IN THE PIPE

 LOSS OF HEAD IN VARIOUS PIPE FITTINGS

LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT

• As fluid flows from a smaller pipe into a larger pipe

through sudden enlargement, its velocity abruptly
decreases; causing turbulence that generates an
energy loss.
• The amount of turbulence, and therefore the amount
of energy, is dependent on the ratio of the sizes of the
two pipes.
Loss due to sudden enlargement is
given by :

𝑉1 − 𝑉2 2
ℎ𝑒 =
2𝑔

Where,

𝑉1 = Velocity in pipe of smaller dia

𝑉2 = Velocity In pipe of larger dia

LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO SUDDEN CONTRACTION

This is the energy loss due to sudden

contraction. In reality, the head loss does not
take place due to the sudden contraction but
due to the sudden enlargement, which takes
place just after vena-contracta .
• Loss due to sudden contraction
is given by :
0.5𝑣22
ℎ𝐶 =
2𝑔
If the value of coefficient of
friction (𝐶𝐶 ) is given then head
loss is given by:
𝑣22 1
ℎ𝐶 = −1
2𝑔 𝐶𝐶
LOSS OF HEAD AT THE ENTRANCE OF PIPE
• This is the loss of energy which occurs when a liquid enters
a pipe which is connected to a large tank or reservoir. This
loss is similar to the loss of head due to sudden contraction.
This loss depends on the form of entrance. This loss is
denoted by 𝒉𝒊 .

0.5𝑉 2
ℎ𝑖 =
2𝑔
 LOSS OF HEAD AT THE EXIT OF PIPE

• This is the loss of head due to the velocity of liquid at outlet

of the pipe which is dissipated either in the form of a free jet
or it is lost in the tank or reservoir. This loss is denoted by
𝒉𝟎 .
𝑣2
ℎ0 =
2𝑔
 LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO AN OBSTRUCTION

• Whenever there is an obstruction in a pipe, the loss of energy takes place

due to reduction of the area of cross section of the pipe at the place where
obstruction is present. There is a sudden enlargement of the area of flow
beyond obstruction due to which loss of head takes place. Head loss due to
obstruction is given as :

2
𝑣2 𝐴
ℎ= −1
2𝑔 𝐶𝐶 𝐴 − 𝑎
LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO BEND IN THE PIPE
• When there is any bend in a pipe, the velocity of flow changes, due to which
the separation of flow from the boundry and also formation of eddies takes
place. Thus the energy is lost. Loss of head in pipe due to bend is expressed
as :
𝐾𝑣 2
ℎ𝑏 =
2𝑔
Where k = coefficient of bend
The value of k depends on
 Angle of bend
 Radius of curvature of bend
 Diameter of pipe