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e- e-
Hydrogen
molecule (H2)
• A single covalent bond, or single bond, is the sharing
of one pair of valence electrons
Strong bond
LE 2-11b
Oxygen (O2)
LE 2-11c
Water (H2O)
• Electronegativity
– an atom’s attraction for the electrons in a
covalent bond
H H
+ +
H2O
• Polar covalent bond
– one atom is more electronegative
H H
+ +
H2O
• Nonpolar covalent bond
– the atoms share the electron equally
Molecular Oxygen
Oxygen (O2)
• Cation
– positively charged ion
• Ionic bond
– attraction between an anion and a cation
LE 2-13
Na Cl Na+ Cl–
Sodium atom Chlorine atom Sodium ion Chlorine ion
(an uncharged (an uncharged (a cation) (an anion)
atom) atom)
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
• Ionically bonded atoms
– ionic compounds, or salts e.g. NaCl
• often crystals
LE 2-14
Na+
Cl–
Hydrogen Bonds
• when a hydrogen atom, covalently bonded to
one electronegative atom, is attracted to another
electronegative atom
Water
(H2O)
+
Hydrogen bond
–
Ammonia
(NH3)
+ +
+
Do H-bonds form between water molecules?
• Very weak
For example
between hormone and hormone receptor
LE 2-17a
Carbon Nitrogen
Hydrogen Sulfur
Natural
endorphin Oxygen
Morphine
Natural
endorphin
Morphine
Endorphin
receptors
Brain cell