HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON

MANAGEMENT
Classical Management Approaches

• Scientific Management
• Administrative Principles
• Bureaucratic Organization
Scientific Management

“The principal objective of management should be to secure

maximum prosperity for the employer coupled with the maximum
prosperity for the employee”
-Frederick W. Taylor
Father of Scientific Management
4 Guiding Principles of Scientific Management

• Develop for every job a “science” that includes rules of motion,

standardized work implements and proper working conditions
• Carefully select workers with the right abilities for the job
• Carefully train workers to do the job and give them the proper
incentives to cooperate with the job “science”
• Support workers by carefully planning their work and by
smoothing the way as they go about their jobs.
Administrative Principles

• Henri Fayol outlines his views on the proper management of

organization:
• Foresight
• Organization
• Command
• Coordination
• control
Principles of Fayol

• Management can be taught!

• Scalar-Chain Principle
• Unity of Command
• Unity of Direction
Bureaucratic Organization

• Max Weber

• Bureaucracy – a rational and efficient form of organization founded

on logic, order and legitimate authority
Characteristics of Bureaucratic Organization

• Clear division of labor

• Clear hierarchy of authority
• Formal rules and procedures
• Impersonality
• Careers based on merit
Behavioral Management Approaches

• Follett’s Organization as Communities

• Hawthorne Studies
• Maslow’s Theory of Human Needs
• McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
• Argyris’ Theory of Adult Personality
Follett’s Organization as Communities

• “Managers and workers should labor in harmony, without one party

dominating the other and with the freedom to talk over and truly
reconcile conflicts and differences.”
-Mary Parker Follett
Hawthorne Studies

• Researches in 1924 by the Western Electric Company

• Better lighting = improvement in performance?
• Elton Mayo’s research on the effect of worker’s fatigue
on output
• Research about same work conditions/wages could be
a source of satisfaction/dissatisfaction to each
individual

• A turning point for managers!

Maslow’s Theory of Human Needs

Self-
Actualization

Esteem

Social

Safety

Physiological
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y

• Theory X managers believe that people dislike work, lack

ambition, irresponsible, resistant to change and prefer to
be led than to lead

• Theory Y managers believe that people are willing to

work,capable of self-control, accepts responsibility,
imaginative and creative and have self-direction
Argyris’ Theory of Adult Personality

• Contrasts with traditional and hierarchical organizations with the

needs and capabilities of mature adults
Modern Management Foundations

• Mathematical techniques
• Operations Management and Total Quality Management
• Organizations as a system (open-system)
• Contingency Thinking
• No “one best way”
• High-performance organizations
• Learning Organizations
Factors Influencing Ethical Behavior

• The person
• The Organization
• The environment
Ethics at the Level of the Organization

Social Responsibility
• Answer Assessment 4 (Management 9th ed, Schermerhorn)
• Please bring marker and masking tape