In a complex phenomenon

and maybe be caused by

nonuniform deformation
during rolling or by the
presence of deflects in
the original cast billet.

Aligatoring
Heading processing can be
carried out cold, warm, or
hot; they are be performed
on machines called

Headers
Is essentially an
upsetting operation,
usually performed at the
end of a round rod or wire
in order to produce a
larger cross-section.

Heading
Consist of pressing a
hardened punch, having a
particular tip geometry,
into the surface of block
of metal.

Hubbing
A process similar to roll
forging

Skew Forging
Is a process in which a
blank is forged into a
shape with a tool that
forms the blank in several
small steps

Incremental Forging
The dies are heated to the
same temperature as that
of the hot workpiece.

Isothermal Forging or
hot-die forging
A solid rod or tube is
subjected to radial impact
forces by a set of
reciprocating dies.

Swaging
Is generally defined as
the capability of a
material to undergo
deformation without
cracking..

Forgeability
Punching a number of holes
in a sheet

Perforating
Leaving a tab without
removing any material

Lancing
Shearing the sheet into
two or more pieces

Parting
Removing pieces ( or
various shapes) from the
edges

Notching
Is a process of bending
the edges of sheet metals,
usually to 90 deg.

Flanging
Involves joining two edges
of sheet metal by
hammering

Seaming
Is the process whereby
green compacts are heated
in controlled – atmosphere
furnace to a temperature
below the melting point,
but sufficiently high to
allow bonding of the
individual particles

Sintering
Were introduced in 1960’s.
they typically 70%
aluminum oxide and 30%
titanium carbide

Cermets
Of all known materials,
the hardest substance is
______. It has low
friction, high wear
resistance and the ability
to maintain a sharp
cutting edge.

Diamond
To enlarge a hole or
cylindrical cavity made by
a previous process or to
produce circular internal
grooves.

Boring
To produced a regular
shaped roughness on
cylindrical surfaces, as
in making knobs.

Knurling
Because of friction
between the specimen and
the platens, the
specimen’s cylindrical
surface bulges ; this
effect is called..

Barreling
Is usually defined as
resistance to permanent
indentation.

Hardness
Test involves pressing a
steel or tungsten –
carbide ball 10 mm
diameter against a surface
, with a load of 500 kg,
1500 kg, or 3000 kg.

Brinell Test
This test measures the
depth of penetration
instead of the diameter of
the indention.

Rockwell Test
Formerly known as the
diamond pyramid hardness
test, uses a pyramid –
shaped diamond indenter
and a load ranges from 1kg
to 120 kg

Vickers Test
Uses to measure the
hardness of rubber,
plastics, and similar soft
and elastic non – metallic
materials.

Durometer
Is a phenomenon in which
carbon atoms in steels
segregates to dislocations
, thereby pinning them
and, in this way,
increasing the resistance
to dislocation movement.

Strain Aging
Is a phenomenon
characterized by high
permeability and permanent
magnetization that are due
to alignment of iron,
nickel, and cobalt atoms
into domains.

Ferromagnetism
Exhibited by some
materials, such as quartz
crystals and some ceramic
materials , such as cubic
ferrites.

Piezoelectric
Effect
In this structure,
graphite exists largely in
the form of flakes. When
it is broken, the fracture
path is along the graphite
flakes and has, therefore
gray, sooty appearance.

Gray Cast Iron

The steel is formed into
desired shapes within
controlled ranges of
temperature and time to
avoid formation of non
martensitic transformation
products.

Ausforming
Improves strength and
hardness at elevated
temperatures..

Cobalt