Chapter 1

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure
Cell Components

• Cell/plasma membrane
• Nucleus, nucleoplasm, and nucleolus
• Cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles
– Ribosomes
– Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus
– Lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes
– Mitochondria
• Cytoskeleton
The Plasma Membrane
ATP
Anaerobic Energy Metabolism—Glycolysis

• In the cytoplasm
• Glycolysis breaks glucose  pyruvate + NADH
• Produces 2 ATP molecules/glucose molecule

• If oxygen not present, then pyruvate  lactic acid

• If oxygen present, then pyruvate  aerobic
mitochondrial pathway
Aerobic Energy Metabolism

• In the mitochondria

• Carbon-containing nutrients + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP

• Citric acid cycle + electron transport system

• Produces 34 to 36 ATP molecules/glucose molecule

Question

True or false?

ATP is produced without oxygen.

Cell Communication

• The messenger molecule attaches to receptor

proteins.

• Cell surface receptors

– G protein–linked
– Enzyme-linked
– Ion channel–linked

• Intracellular receptors
Diffusion is a Passive Process
• From areas of higher concentration  areas of lower
concentration
• Does not require an input of energy
• Simple diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion: passing through a transporter
• Ion channels: leakage and gated
• Osmosis: diffusion of water molecules
Question

Your patient has been given an intravenous solution of

water. What will happen to this patient’s red blood
cells?
A. They will burst/lyse.
B. They will shrink.
C. They will not be affected by the water solution.
Question

True or false?

An action potential is the result of K+ movement into the

cell.
Tissues

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nervous
Epithelial Tissues

• Layers
– Simple, stratified, pseudostratified

• Shape of cells
– Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

• Glandular epithelium
– Exocrine, endocrine
Connective Tissues

• Connective tissue proper

– Loose (areolar), adipose, reticular, dense

• Specialized connective tissue

– Cartilage, bone, blood
Muscle Tissues

• Skeletal

• Cardiac

• Smooth
Question

What happens to the sarcomere when myosin slides across

the actin binding sites?
A. It gets longer.
B. It gets shorter.
C. There is no change in length.
D. It releases acetylcholinesterase.
Nervous Tissues

• Neurons
– Soma/cell bodies, dendrites, axons
– Afferent, interneurons, efferent

• Neuroglia
– Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal
cells
Cell Junctions