CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION

 ELEMENTS: -
• an element may be defined as a pure substance which can neither be
decomposed into nor built from simpler substances by any physical or
chemical method.
• Elements are made up of one kind of atoms.
• There are 118 elements at present we know out of which 92
elements occur in nature ,while remaining 26 elements have been
prepared artificially except one.
• Elements found in three forms:
• Soild: Na, C, Al etc.
• Liquid: Hg, Br etc.
• Gas: O2,H2
• Types of elements

• Elements are divided in the following forms:

1.Metals :-
• the elements which have a tendency to form positive ions by loss of
electrons are called metals.e.g.sliver ,tin ,zinc etc.
• Metal have luster ,ductility malleability ,conductivity high tensile strength
etc.
2. Non-metals:-
the elements which have tendency to form negative ion by gain of electrons
are called non-metals e.g. hydrogen ,oxygen,sulphur etc.
3.metalloids:-
They are the element whose properties fall between those of metals and non
–metals e.g. germanium, arsenic, selenium and tellurium etc.
Symbols of an element from Latin name.

Element Symbol Latin Name

Antimony Sb Stibium
Copper Cu Cuprum
Gold Au Aurum
Iron Fe Ferrum
Lead Pb Plumbum
Mercury Hg Hydragyrum
Potassium K Kalium
Silver Ag Argentum
Sodium Na Natrium
Tin Sn Stannum
Tungsten W Wolfram
 COMPOUNDS
• A compound is a substance made up of two or more elements
chemically combined in fixed proportion by weight eg. Water NaCl,
ammonia carbon dioxide etc.
 MIXTURES
• A mixture is substance which consists of two or more elements or compounds
not chemically combined together Examples: Air,milk,ink,brine,lime
water,glass,paints,soil,food,wood,kerosene etc.
• # Type of mixtures:-
 HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
• A homogeneous mixture has a same composition throughout its mass. It has no
visible boundaries of separation between the various constituents , e.g. solution
of sugar in water .solution of salt in water ,a mixture of alcohol and water etc.
 HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
• A heterogeneous mixture does not have a uniform composition throught its
mass .it has visible boundaries of sepration between the various component eg.
Solution of K2Cr2O7 in water , solution of sugar in water, solution of CaCO3
Properties of mixtures :
 A mixture can be seprated into its component by physical method like
,filtration , evaporation , sublimation , distillation , magnet etc.
 A mixture shows the properties of all constituents present in it.
 energy is usually neither given out nor absorbed during the
preparation of mixture.
 The composition of mixture is variable .i.e. the constituents can be
present in any proportion by weight.
 Mixture does not have a definite melting point, boiling point
etc.(except azeotropic mixture).
 Method of separation of mixture
 Crystallization: Mixture of potassium nitrate and sodium chloride can be separated from this mixture .
 Distillation: this method is used for the purification of liquids which boils without decomposition and
contain non-volatile impurities ex: pure water from sea by distillation.
 Fractional distillation: this process is used to seprate a mixture of two or more miscible liquids which have
nearly equal boiling point. Ex: petrol, diesel ,kerosene etc.
 Sublimation: this process is used for separation of those solids which sublime from non-volatile solid. this
process is generally used for sepration of naphthalene , anthracene ,benzoic acid ,camphor, ammounium
chloride ,iodine etc.
 Distillation under reduce pressure: this process is used for those liquids which decompose below their
boiling point under reduce pressure, liquids boils at low temperature.
 Steam distillation: this process is used for the separation and purification of liquids which are appreciable
volatile in steam from non-volatile component of mixture ex: o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol
 Evaporation: it is the process by which soluble solids can be obtained from their solution by allowing the
solvent to vaporize ex: salt can be obtained from salt solution by evaporation.
 Chromatography: chromatography is modern method proposed by Tswett in 1903. this method is based on
the difference in rates at which the component of mixture are adsorbed on suitable adsorbent.
 Atmolysis: it is used for separating the mixture of gases this method is based on the difference in their rates
of diffusion.
 IMPORTANT POINTS
 20 carat gold is mixture of 20 parts of gold and 4 parts of copper.
Cement is the mixture of no. of silicates.
Iodized salt uses as table salt is the mixture of NaCl and small amount of NaI
Existence of compound in different form is called polymorphism example zinc
blend and wurtzite.
The existence of different compounds with similar chemical composition in same
crystalline form is called isomorphism.
Substance which absorb moisture from air are called hygroscopic substance
example: P2O5, CuSO4 and Cao ( quick lime)
 substance which absorb large amount of moisture from the air are called
deliquescent ex: NaOH ,KOH, MgCl2, CaCl2 etc.
Some crystalline solids when expose to air lose their water partly or wholly. Such
substance is called efflorescent.