Engr. Nicholas Marious B.

Asilo
Evolution to Cellular Networks
 In 1893, Nikola Tesla made the first public demonstration of
wireless (radio) telegraphy
 In 1897, Guglielmo Marconi conducted long distance (over see)
telegraphy
 In 1940 the first walkie-talkie was used by the US military
 In 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain from AT&T’s Bell Labs
invented the transistor (semiconductor device used to amplify and
switch electronic signals)
Evolution to Cellular Networks
 AT&T introduced commercial radio comm.: car phone – two way
radio link to the local phone network
 in 1979 the first commercial cellular phone service was launched
by the Nordic Mobile Telephone (in Finland, Sweden, Norway,
Denmark).
Evolution to Cellular Networks
Cellular Systems Generations
 1G (First Generation)
First generation mobile networks
were reliant upon analog radio
systems which meant that users
could only make phone calls, they
couldn’t send or receive text
messages.
Cellular Systems Generations
 2G (Second Generation)
This new mobile network ran on
digital signal, not analog, which vastly
improved its security but also its
capacity. On 2G, users could send SMS
and MMS messages (although slowly
and often without success) and when
GPRS was introduced in 1997, users
could receive and send emails on the
move.
Cellular Systems Generations
 3G (Third Generation)
3G was much faster and could
transmit greater amounts of data. This
means that users could video call,
share files, surf the internet, watch TV
online and play online games on their
mobiles for the first time. Under 3G,
cell-phones where no longer just about
calling and texting, they were the hub
of social connectivity.
Cellular Systems Generations
 4G (Fourth Generation)
Users can experience
better latency (less
buffering), higher voice
quality, easy access to
instant messaging
services and social media,
quality streaming and
make faster downloads.
Cellular Systems Generations
 5G (Fifth Generation)
The improved speed and
capacity of the network will
signal new IoT trends, such
as connected cars, smart
cities and IoT in the home
and office.
What is Cellular Telephone?
Cellular telephone is a type of short-
wave analog or digital telecommunication in which a
subscriber has a wireless connection from a mobile phone to
a relatively nearby transmitter.
What is Cellular Telephone?
 Also known as the following:
o Personal Communication System (PCS)
o Cellular Radio
o Mobile Telephone Systems (MTS)
o Manual Telephone Systems
 Provide two-way communication at high speed with
Regional & National Coverage
 Concept of Frequency Reuse
What is Cellular Telephone?
COVERAGE ZONE

CELLS
The Cell
 The word cell comes from the
'frequency reuse' concept in the
cellular system.

 A cell is defined by its physical

size and, more importantly, by the
size of its population and traffic
patterns.
The Cell
 MACROCELLS
Is a large cell typically have a radius between 1 mile and 15 miles
with base station transmit powers between 1 W and 6 W
 MICROCELLS
The smallest cells typically have a radius of 1500 feet or less with
base station transmit powers between 0.1 W and 1 W.

 PICOCELLS
Indoor picocells can use the same frequencies as regular cells in
the same areas if the surrounding infrastructure is conducive,
The Cell
The Cell

 CENTER-EXCITED
 EDGE-EXCITED
 CORNER-EXCITED
Frequency Reuse
 It is a method used by service providers to improve the
efficiency of a cellular network and to serve millions of
subscribers using a limited radio spectrum

 It is based on the fact that after a distance a radio wave

gets attenuated and the signal falls bellow a point where it
can no longer be used or cause any interference
Frequency Reuse
 It is a transmitter transmitting in a specific frequency
range will have only a limited coverage area

 Beyond this coverage area, that frequency can be reused

by another transmitter
Frequency Reuse
Frequency Reuse
CLUSTERS
 It is the group of cells in which each cell has different
frequency.
 A cluster may consist of 5,7 or may be more cells
depending upon the traffic load.
 A cluster size depends on the co channel interference. If
the cluster size is too small then co channel interference
will be more.
Frequency Reuse
CLUSTERS

𝐹 = 𝐺𝑁
Where:
F = Total Number of Channels in a Cluster
G = Number of Channels in a cell
N = Number of Cells in a cluster
Frequency Reuse
Example
Determine the number of channels per cluster and the total
channel capacity for a cellular telephone area comprised of
10 clusters with seven cells in each cluster and 10 channels
in each cell.
Frequency Reuse
Solution
Substituting to the Formula, the total number of full-duplex
channel is
ch. cells
𝐹 = 10 7
cell cluster
ch.
= 70
cluster
Frequency Reuse
Solution
Therefor, the total channel capacity is

ch.
𝐶 = 10clusters 70
cluster

𝐶 = 700 channels