Sewage Treatment Technology

Sewage Treatment
Priyantha Seneviratne
Managing Director – Enviroplus Engineers (Pvt) Ltd.
(Enviroplus is a registered Consultant /Specialist in Environmental Pollution Control at CEA)
Member of International Water Association (UK)
What is sewage?
Sewage is a water-carried waste, in solution or
suspension, that is intended to be removed from
a community. Also known as domestic or
municipal wastewater, it is more than 99% water
and is characterized by volume or rate of flow,
physical condition, chemical and toxic
constituents, and its bacteriologic status (which
organisms it contains and in what proportions).
Type of sewage?
• Grey water (from sinks, tubs, showers,
dishwashers, and laundry)
• Black water (the water used to flush toilets,
combined with the human waste that it
flushes away)
Characteristic of Sewage
Main Characteristics;
• Fat, Oil & Grease
• Total Suspended Solids
• pH
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
• Nitrogen
Fat, Oil & Grease (FOG)
Sources :
• Kitchen (Food Processing)
• Pots and Dish washing
• Hand washing
FOG results to blockage of pipes and gullies in the sewage
collection network, form scum on top layer of treatment tank
and it also disturb the biological process of the treatment plant.
Most of sewage treatment plants fails due to improper design of
the FOG trap.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Sources :
• Hand washing
• Faecal matters
TSS to be reduced by screening and sedimentation as much as

possible to reduce excess loading to biological process.
pH
Sources :
• Hand washing
• Laundry
• Bathing
Sometime we notice high pH due to excess laundry water flow
into the system or using of high dosage of detergents. Sometime
pH decrease due to usage of weak acids in washing activities.
This effect biological process in the treatment plant.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand or Biological

Oxygen Demand, is a measurement of the
amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) that is used by
aerobic microorganisms when decomposing
organic matter in water.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand is an important water quality parameter
because it provides an index to assess the effect discharged wastewater will
have on the receiving environment. The higher the BOD value, the greater the
amount of organic matter or “food” available for oxygen consuming bacteria.
If the rate of DO consumption by bacteria exceeds the supply of DO from

aquatic plants, algae photosynthesis or diffusing from air, unfavourable
conditions occur. Depletion of DO causes stress on aquatic organisms, making
the environment unsuitable for life. Further, dramatic depletion can lead to
hypoxia or anoxic environments.
BOD is also used extensively for wastewater treatment, as decomposition of

organic waste by microorganisms is commonly used for treatment.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand or COD is a

measurement of the oxygen required to oxidize
soluble and particulate organic matter in water.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand is an important water quality parameter
because, similar to BOD, it provides an index to assess the effect
discharged wastewater will have on the receiving environment. Higher
COD levels mean a greater amount of oxidizable organic material in the
sample, which will reduce dissolved oxygen (DO) levels.
A reduction in DO can lead to anaerobic conditions, which is

deleterious to higher aquatic life forms. The COD test is often used as
an alternate to BOD due to shorter length of testing time.
Nitrogen
Ammonia is a nutrient that contains nitrogen and
hydrogen. Its chemical formula is NH3 in the un-
ionized state and NH4+ in the ionized form. Total
ammonia is the sum of both NH3 and NH4 +. Total
ammonia is what is measured analytically in water.
Nitrogen
Nitrates are not generally considered toxic, but at high concentrations the
body may convert nitrate to nitrite. Nitrites are toxic salts that disrupt blood
oxygen transport by disrupting haemoglobin to methemoglobin conversion.
This causes nausea and stomach aches for adults.
For young infants it may be extremely risky, because it rapidly causes blood
oxygen deprivation. The maximum recommended concentration for nitrate is
10 mg/L, and for nitrite the maximum level is 1 mg/L.
Phosphorus
Phospurus can be found in the environment most
commonly as phosphates. Phosphates have many
effect upon organisms. The effects are mainly
consequences of emissions of large quantities into
the environment due to mining, and cultivation.
During water purification phosphate are often not
removing properly, so that they can spread over large
distance when found in surface water.
Phosphorus
Due to the constant addition of phosphate by humans and
the exceeding of the natural concentrations, the phosphate
cycle is strongly disrupted.
The increasing phosphate concentrations in surface waters

raisin the growth of phosphate-dependent organisms, such
as algae and duckweed. These organisms use great amount
of oxygen and prevent sunlight from entering the water.
This makes the water fairly unliveable for other organisms.
AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS
CHARACTERISTIC LOW MEDIUM HIGH
Physical Fat, Oil & Grease 50 mg/l 100 mg/l 150 mg/l
Total Suspended Solids 100 mg/l 200 mg/l 350 mg/l
Chemical pH 6.5 – 9.0
Biochemical Oxygen 110 mg/l 220 mg/l 400 mg/l
Demand (BOD5)
Chemical Oxygen 250 mg/l 500 mg/l 1000 mg/l
demand (COD)
Nitrogen 20 mg/l 40 mg/l 85 mg/l
Phosphorus 4 mg/l 8 mg/l 15 mg/l
Authorities in Sri Lanka
Following authorities are the regulating bodies
in Sri Lanka with regards to Environmental
Pollution Control;
• Central Environmental Authority (CEA)
• Board of Investment of Sri Lanka (BOI)
• Coastal Conservation Department (CCD)
Standards & Regulations
Latest standards and regulations are imposed by

Extraordinary Gazette No. 1534/18 on 01st
February 2008.
Category of Discharge
• Discharge into inland surface water.
• Discharge on land for irrigation purpose
• Discharge into marine coastal area
• Discharge into public sewer with Central
Treatment Plant.
Standards for Discharge in Inland Surface Water
CHARACTERISTICS STANDARDS UNIT
Fat, Oil & Grease (FOG) < 10 mg/l
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) < 50 mg/l
pH 6.0 – 8.5
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) < 30 mg/l
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) < 250 mg/l
Nitrogen < 50 mg/l
Phosphate <5 mg/l
Faecal Coliforms < 40 MPN/100ml
Standards for Discharge for Irrigation Purpose
pH 5.5 – 9.0
Nitrogen - mg/l
Phosphorus - mg/l
Fecal Coliforms < 40 MPN/100ml
Standards for Discharge into Marine Coastal Area
pH 5.5 – 9.0
Nitrogen < 50 mg/l
Phosphorus - mg/l
Fecal Coliforms < 60 MPN/100ml
Standards for Discharge into Central Treatment Plant
pH 5.5 – 10.0
Nitrogen < 50 mg/l
Phosphorus - mg/l
Fecal Coliforms - MPN/100ml
Sewage Treatment
Stages of Treatment
• Primary Treatment
• Secondary Treatment
• Tertiary Treatment
Sewage Treatment
Type of Primary Treatment
• Screening & control of TSS
• Fat, Oil & Grease Removal
• pH Control
Sewage Treatment
Primary Treatment - Screening
• Bar screen to be cleaned manually
• Automatic Bar screen
• Drum Screen
• Drum screen with screw conveyor
Sewage Treatment
Manual Bar Screen
In sewage treatment, this unit fabricate
with 20 mm spacing. Plant operator has
to clean the screen and disposed solids
manually.
Handling of this unit is difficult but using

of other methods for small treatment
plants are not economical.
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Manual Bar Screen
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Automatic Bar Screen
This unit comes with raking
mechanism which operate continuously
or it can program to start and stop
periodically. Trapped solid will fall into a
collection basket fitted with screening
unit.
Operators can periodically remove the

solids fall into collection basket
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Drum Screen
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Drum Screen with Screw Conveyor
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Drum Screen with Screw Conveyor
Sewage Treatment
Fat, Oil & Grease (FOG) Trap
EPA Method 2
(For Catering, Hospitals, Nursing homes, and other type of commercial kitchen w/ varied seating
capacity and room service)
Size = M x GL x SF x 2.5 x LF
M No. of meals per day
GL Typical 19 l of wastewater per meal
SF Storage Capacity Factor
1.7 for single service kitchen
2.5 for fully equipped commercial kitchen
HR No. of hours open
LF Loading Factor
1.25 Garbage disposal and dish washing
1.00 w/o disposal
0.80 w/o dish washing
0.50 w/o disposal & dish washing
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pH Control
If sewage treatment plant installed at
any locations, biodegradable
washing chemicals to be used and
laundry wastewater to be neutralized
prior to connect in to sewer network.
In this case, alkaline or acid will be

dosed to maintain the pH within the
standard range and activation of
dosing pump will be controlled by pH
controller.
Sewage Treatment
Secondary treatment
• Equalization
• Biological Treatment
• Sedimentation
• Disinfection
• Sludge Handling
• Treated Water Disposal
Sewage Treatment
Equalization
Equalization tank to be sized based on following data;
• Inflow pattern during 24 hours

• Design process time of the treatment plant (18 – 24 h)
• Sewage transfer rate from equalization tank to treatment
Sewage Treatment
Equalization
EXAMPLE FOR 100 m3 /day STP EQUALIZATION TANK
Assumed that plant operate 20 h/d and transfer rate is 5 m3/h
Sewage Treatment
Biological Treatment
• Anaerobic Pre-treatment
• Activated Sludge Extended Aeration
• Rotating Biological Contactors
• Moving Bed Bio Reactors (MBBR)
• Membrane Bio Reactors (MBR)
Sewage Treatment
Anaerobic Pre-treatment
The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
(UASB) is a single tank process. Wastewater
enters the reactor from the bottom, and flows
upward. A suspended sludge blanket filters and
treats the wastewater as the wastewater flows
through it.
Sewage Treatment
The sludge blanket is comprised of microbial granules (1
to 3 mm in diameter), i.e., small agglomerations of
microorganisms that, because of their weight, resist being
washed out in the upflow. The microorganisms in the
sludge layer degrade organic compounds. As a result,
gases (methane and carbon dioxide) are released. The
rising bubbles mix the sludge without the assistance of
any mechanical parts. Sloped walls deflect material that
reaches the top of the tank downwards. The clarified
effluent is extracted from the top of the tank in an area
above the sloped walls.
Sewage Treatment
Critical elements for the design of UASB
reactors are the influent distribution
system, the gas-solids separator, and the
effluent withdrawal design. The gas that
rises to the top is collected in a gas
collection dome and can be used as
energy (biogas). An upflow velocity of 0.7
to 1 m/h must be maintained to keep the
sludge blanket in suspension. Primary
settling is usually not required before the
UASB.
Sewage Treatment
Anaerobic Pre-treatment – Anaerobic Filters
An anaerobic filter is an attached biofilm system (fixed bed or
fixed film reactor, see also fixed film activated sludge) that aims
at removing non-settleable and dissolved solids. As septic tanks
or anaerobic baffled reactors, anaerobic filters are based on the
combination of a physical treatment (settling) and a biological
treatment. It comprises a watertight tank containing several
layers of submerged media, which provide surface area for
bacteria to settle. As the wastewater flows through the filter
usually from bottom to top (up-flow), it comes into contact with
the biomass on the filter and is subjected to anaerobic
degradation.
Sewage Treatment
Anaerobic Pre-treatment – Anaerobic Filters
Sewage Treatment
Activated Sludge extended Aeration
Sewage Treatment
The Extended Aeration is the most common variation of the

Activated Sludge Process. It is a biological treatment process,
which is able to produce high quality effluent for a reasonable
operating an maintenance costs.
Sewage Treatment
In the process, large quantities of air are bubbled through wastewaters that
contain dissolved organic substances in open aeration tanks. Oxygen is
required by bacteria and other types of microorganisms present in the system
to live, grow, and multiply in order to consume the dissolved organic "food",
or pollutants in the waste. After several hours in a large holding tank, the
water is separated from the sludge of bacteria and discharged from the
system. Most of the activated sludge is returned to the treatment process,
while-the purified effluent is disposed of by one of several accepted methods.
The purified effluent is considered secondarily treated. Before disposal,
further treatment stages may be applied to the secondary effluent in order to
reduce even more its organic load and suspended solids content.
Sewage Treatment
Aeration methods – Surface Aerators
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Aeration methods – Submersible Aerators
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Aeration methods – Diffused Aeration
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Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR)
Sewage Treatment
Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR)
The Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is an activated sludge process designed to
operate under non-steady state conditions. An SBR operates in a true batch mode with
aeration and sludge settlement both occurring in the same tank. The major
differences between SBR and conventional continuous-flow, activated sludge system is
that the SBR tank carries out the functions of equalization aeration and sedimentation
in a time sequence rather than in the conventional space sequence of continuous-flow
systems. In addition, the SBR system can be designed with the ability to treat a wide
range of influent volumes whereas the continuous system is based upon a fixed
influent flowrate. Thus, there is a degree of flexibility associated with working in a
time rather than in a space sequence .
Sewage Treatment
Rotating Biological Contactors
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A rotating biological contactor or RBC is a biological treatment process used in
the treatment of wastewater following primary treatment. The RBC process
involves allowing the wastewater to come in contact with a biological medium
in order to remove pollutants in the wastewater before discharge of the
treated wastewater to the environment, usually a body of water (river, lake or
ocean). A rotating biological contactor is a type of secondary treatment
process. It consists of a series of closely spaced, parallel discs mounted on a
rotating shaft which is supported just above the surface of the waste water.
Microorganisms grow on the surface of the discs where biological
degradation of the wastewater pollutants takes place.
Sewage Treatment
Moving Bed Bio Reactors (MBBR)
Sewage Treatment
Sewage Treatment
Sewage Treatment
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) processes improve reliability, simplify
operation, and require less space than traditional wastewater treatment
systems.
MBBR technology employs thousands of polyethylene biofilm carriers

operating in mixed motion within an aerated wastewater treatment basin.
Each individual bio-carrier increases productivity through providing protected
surface area to support the growth of heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria
within its cells. It is this high-density population of bacteria that achieves
high-rate biodegradation within the system, while also offering process
reliability and ease of operation.
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Membrane Bio Reactors (MBR)
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This level of filtration allows for high quality effluent to be drawn
through the membranes and eliminates the sedimentation and
filtration processes typically used for wastewater treatment.
Because the need for sedimentation is eliminated, the biological
process can operate at a much higher mixed liquor
concentration. This dramatically reduces the process tankage
required and allows many existing plants to be upgraded without
adding new tanks. To provide optimal aeration and scour around
the membranes, the mixed liquor is typically kept in the 1.0-1.2%
solids range, which is 4 times that of a conventional plant.
Sewage Treatment
Sedimentation
• Conventional Sedimentation Tank
• Circular Type Sedimentation Tank
• Lamella Plate Clarifier
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Conventional Sedimentation Tank
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Conventional Sedimentation Tank
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Lamella Plate Clarifiers
Sewage Treatment
Disinfection
• Chlorination
• UV Water Sterilization
• Ozonation
Sewage Treatment
Chlorination
Following products can be used for chlorination;
• Sodium Hypochlorite
• Dissolved calcium hypochlorite
• Chlorine Gas
For disinfection of treated sewage 5 – 7 mg/l chlorine should be

inject into water and there will be 0.5 – 1 mg/l residual chlorine
in water after the reactions.
Sewage Treatment
Chlorination
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Chlorination
Sewage Treatment
UV Water Sterilization
It is not recommended to treat secondary treated water with UV
sterilizers as there is small turbidity in secondary treated water.
Always filtered water should pass through UV unit.
Do not select UV units as per fresh water flow rate specified by

manufacturer and refer catalogue for wastewater application or
contact the manufacturer for selection.
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Ozonation
Treated wastewater can be
disinfected with ozone as it is
powerful disinfecting agent.
However this will not control the

micro-biological growth in water
after the treatment.
Sewage Treatment
Sludge Handling
• Stabilization
– Aerobic Stabilization
– Anaerobic Stabilization
Sewage Treatment
Sludge Handling
• Dewatering
– Sludge Drying Brd
– Filter Press
– Belt Press
– Centrifuge
– Screw Press
Sewage Treatment
Sludge Handling – Sludge Drying Bed
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Sludge Handling – Filter Press
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Sludge Handling – Belt Press
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Sludge Handling – Belt Press
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Sludge Handling – Centrifuge
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Sludge Handling – Centrifuge
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Sludge Handling – Screw Press
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Sludge Handling
• Disposal
– Use as manure
– Use for land fills
– Incineration
– Hand over to private contractor
• Land filling disposal
• Incineration at INSEE (Formerly Holcim)
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Treated Water Disposal
• Disposal Methods
– Discharge into inland surface water
– Discharge on Land for irrigation
– Discharge into sea coastal area
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Discharge into Inland Surface Water
Sewage Treatment
Discharge on land for Irrigation
Sewage Treatment
Discharge on land for Irrigation
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Discharge into Sea Coastal Area
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Tertiary Treatment
Type of Tertiary Treatment
– Filtration by media filters
– Filtration by micron filters
– Filtration by ultrafiltration membrane (UF)
– Dissolved Solids Removal by filtering with reverse osmosis
membrane
– Zero Liquid Discharge
Sewage Treatment
Tertiary Treatment – Media Filters
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Tertiary Treatment – Micron Filters
Micron filters also can be use for

further treatment of treated
sewage water, however filtering
cartridges has to replace
frequently.
Capital expenditure of this unit is

smaller but maintenance and
operating cost is higher.
Sewage Treatment
Tertiary Treatment – Ultrafiltration
Sewage Treatment
Tertiary Treatment – Ultrafiltration
UF membranes have pore sizes of approx. 0.005-0.05 micron.
They facilitate the removal of molecules with higher molecular
weights (e.g. proteins), while allowing dissolved ions and
molecules with low molecular weights to pass. This means that
conventional UF membranes can capture most of bacteria, and
viruses.
UF treated water can be reuse for many non-potable application

where total dissolved solids (TDS) is not a critical factor.
Sewage Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
Reverse Osmosis (RO) Plant
Sewage Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
Reverse Osmosis (RO) Plant
As mentioned under UF, it will not reduce TDS in treated water, if we are going to reuse
treated wastewater where TDS is critical factor we have to use reverse osmosis (RO)
plant as final treatment unit.
However, we cannot recover 100% of feed water and there is 25% or more reject
discharge from RO plant. When we are using a RO plant it should have a method to
discharge reject water without harming to the environment.
If we are planning for Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) we could plan for evaporation under
solar heat or by evaporator.
Sewage Treatment
Zero Liquid Discharge
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Zero Liquid Discharge
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THANK YOU!

Sewage Treatment Technology

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Sewage Treatment

TSS to be reduced by screening and sedimentation as much as

Biochemical Oxygen Demand or Biological

If the rate of DO consumption by bacteria exceeds the supply of DO from

BOD is also used extensively for wastewater treatment, as decomposition of

Chemical Oxygen Demand or COD is a

A reduction in DO can lead to anaerobic conditions, which is

The increasing phosphate concentrations in surface waters

Latest standards and regulations are imposed by

Handling of this unit is difficult but using

Operators can periodically remove the

In this case, alkaline or acid will be

• Inflow pattern during 24 hours

The Extended Aeration is the most common variation of the

MBBR technology employs thousands of polyethylene biofilm carriers

For disinfection of treated sewage 5 – 7 mg/l chlorine should be

Do not select UV units as per fresh water flow rate specified by

However this will not control the

Micron filters also can be use for

Capital expenditure of this unit is

UF treated water can be reuse for many non-potable application

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