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GROUP 6
BACKGROUND (CHAPTER 8)
MEMORY
- central to the operation of a modern
computer system
- it consists of a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address
The CPU fetches instructions from memory according to the value of the
program counter.
The memory unit sees only a stream of memory addresses; it does not
know how they are generated or what they are for (instructions or data).
SWAPPING
A process must be in memory to be executed. A
process, however, can be swapped temporarily out of
memory to a backing store and then brought back into
memory for continued execution.
For example, assume a multiprogramming environment
with a round-robin CPU-scheduling algorithm.
Paging hardware
-Every address generated is divided into Page number and Page offset
:Page number – used as an index into a page table
:Page offset – combined with page address to define physical memory
address
-Size of page is defined by the hardware
:Typically a power of 2,varying between 512 byte and 16 mb per page
Reason: if the size of logical address is 2m and page size is 2n then the high
order m-n bits of logical address designate the page number
Shared Pages
Hierarchical Paging
-two level paging algorithm In which the paged table is
also paged.
Hashed Page Table
-common approach in handling address spaces larger
than 32 bits
Inverted Page Tables
-A solution when tables consume a lot of memory
Segmentation
Advantages
Jobno longer constrained by the size of physical
memory (concept of virtual memory)
Utilizes
memory more efficiently than previous
schemes (section of jobs that were seldom or not at
all used (such as error routines) weren’t loaded into
memory unless they were specifically requested)
Disadvantages
Increased overhead caused by tables and page
interrupts
Copy-on-Write
1.The kernel requests memory for data structures of varying sizes, some of
which are less than a page in size. As a result1 the kernel must use
memory conservatively and attempt to minimize waste due to
fragmentation. This is especially important because many operating
systems do not subject kernel code or data to the paging system.