APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Venturimeter
 Principle of Venturimeter
 The working of venturimeter is based on the principle of Bernoulli’s equation.
 Bernoulli’s Statement: It states that in a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible fluid, the total
energy at any point of the fluid is constant. The total energy consists of pressure energy, kinetic
energy and potential energy or datum energy.
 Mathematically

 Here all the energies are taken per unit weight of the fluid.
 The Bernoulli’s equation for the fluid passing through the section 1 and 2 are given by
Construction
The construction of venturimeter is shown below:
It has three main parts

Short converging part: It is a tapered portion whose radius decreases as we move

forward.
Throat: It is middle portion of the venturi. Here the velocity of the fluid
increases and pressure decreases. It possesses the least cross section area.
Diverging part: In this portion the fluid diverges.
  The venturimeter is used to measure the rate of flow of a fluid
WORKING flowing through the pipes.
 Here we have considered two cross section, first at the inlet and
the second one is at the throat. The difference in the pressure
heads of these two sections is used to calculate the rate of flow
through venturimeter.
 As the water enters at the inlet section i.e. in the converging part
it converges and reaches to the throat.
 The throat has the uniform cross section area and least cross
section area in the venturimeter. As the water enters in the throat
its velocity gets increases and due to increase in the velocity the
pressure drops to the minimum.
 Now there is a pressure difference of the fluid at the two sections.
At the section 1(i.e. at the inlet) the pressure of the fluid is
maximum and the velocity is minimum. And at the section 2 (at
the throat) the velocity of the fluid is maximum and the pressure
is minimum.
 The pressure difference at the two section can be seen in the
manometer attached at both the section.
 This pressure difference is used to calculate the rate flow of a fluid
flowing through a pipe.
Expression for the rate of flow through Venturimeter
 Applying Bernoulli's equation at sections 1 and 2

As the pipe is horizontal, so z1 = z2

(P1 – P2)/ρg is the difference of pressure heads at section 1 and 2 and it is equal to h. so

Substituting this value of h in equation (1), we get

Now applying continuity equation at section 1 and 2

Substituting this value of v1 in equation (2) and solving, we get

Discharge

Substituting value of v2 in above equation

Q = C √h
 C= constant of venturimeter
 is the theoretical discharge under ideal conditions. Actual discharge will be less
than the theoretical discharge.
 Actual discharge Qactual ‹‹‹ Qtheoretical
 Qactual = Cd x Qtheorecical where Cd = COEFFICIENT OF VENTURIMETER
 Cd = 0.96 to 0.98
 As Cd varies, venturimeter is not suitable for very low velocities
 here Cd is the coefficient of venturimeter and its value is less than 1.
Expression for the rate of flow through Venturimeter
 Value of ‘h’ given by differential U-tube manometer:

hm = x
Expression for the rate of flow through Venturimeter
Expression for the rate of flow through Venturimeter
 Examples
 A venturimeter is used to measure liquid flow rate of 7500 litres per minute. The
difference in pressure across the venturimeter is equivalent to 8 m of the flowing
liquid. The pipe diameter is 19 cm. Calculate the throat diameter of the venturimeter.
Assume the coefficient of discharge for the venturimeter as 0.96.
 A venturimeter is fitted in a pipe of 30 cm diameter inclined at 40° to the horizontal to measure the
flow rate of petrol having a specific gravity of 0.8. The ratio of areas of main pipe and throat is 5 and
the throat is at 1 m from the inlet along its length. The difference in manometer head is 40 mm of
mercury. Assuming the coefficient of discharge as 0.96. Calculate the discharge through the
venturimeter and the pressure difference between the throat and the entry point of the venturimeter
 VENTURIMETER

Merit:
 Widely used particularly for large volume liquid and gas flows.
Demerits:
 Highly expensive
 Occupies considerable space
 Cannot be altered for measuring pressure beyond a maximum velocity.
PITOT TUBE
Application of Bernoulli’s equation-The Pitot
Tube
 The Pitot Tube is a device used for measuring the velocity of flow at any point in a pipe or a
channel.

 Principle: If the velocity at any point decreases, the pressure at that point increases due to the
conservation of the kinetic energy into pressure energy. In simplest form, the Pitot tube consists of
a glass tube, bent at right angles.
PITOT Tube
Stagnation Tube (PITOT TUBE)
 Stagnation tube is used to measure velocity in an open channel flow

Vact = Cv X V1
Cv = co-efficient of Pitot-tube
Combination of Stagnation Tube and Piezometer
(Pitot static tube, Cv = 1)
 As in the above case stagnation tube can be used along with a piezometer to measure
velocity in closed pipe flow

(1) The peizometer measures static pressure of

fluid flowing in the pipe.

(2) The stagnation tube measures the stagnation

pressure at any point in the fluid.
 Pitot static tube (Prandtl tube)
 Pitot tube is used for the measurement of fluid velocity. Outer body of Pitot tube
consists of ports at point A, for sensing the static pressure of fluid. At point B, fluid
velocity becomes zero and inner tube is for sensing the stagnation pressure. The two
ends of Pitot tube are connected to U-tube manometer for measuring the pressure
difference between the points A and B.
 PITOT TUBE

Merits:
 Simple in construction having no moving parts.
 Easy to install.
 Requires no external power source.
 Easy measurement and velocity.
Demerits:
 Can’t be used for turbulent flow, i.e. only used for laminar flow.
 Less accurate in measurement of velocity due to assumption of ideal
fluid.
 A piezometer and a Pitot tube are tapped into a horizontal water pipe, as shown in
the Fig. , to measure static and stagnation (static + dynamic) pressures. For the
indicated water column heights, determine the velocity at the center of the pipe.
Orifice meter or Orifice plate
 Orifice meter is basically defined as a device which is used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid
flowing through a pipe. Orifice meter is also known as Orifice plate.
 Orifice meter works on the principle of Bernoulli’s equation and continuity equation.
 Orifice meter consists of one flat circular plate and this circular plate will have one circular sharp
edge hole bored in it. The circular sharp edge hole is termed as orifice.
 Diameter of orifice will be 0.5 times of diameter of pipe through which fluid is flowing, though it
may vary from 0.4 to 0.8 times of diameter of pipe
 Orifice plate is installed in pipe between two flanges of pipe. Orifice will restrict the flow of fluid
and will reduce the cross sectional area of flow passage. A differential pressure will be developed
across the orifice plate. Due to creation of pressure difference, we will be able to determine the rate
of fluid flow through the pipe.
Orifice meter
 Principle of Operation

 The fluid on reaching the orifice plate converges to pass through the small hole and in doing so
the velocity and pressure changes.The point of maximum contraction is called the

VENA CONTRACTA.
Beyond the vena contracta, the fluid expands and the velocity and pressure change once again. By
measuring the difference in fluid pressure between the normal pipe section and at the vena
contracta, the volumetric and mass flow rates can be obtained from Bernoulli's equation.
VENA CONTRACTA
Applying Bernoulli's eqn in section 1
and section 2(at venacontracta)
A0 = area of the orifice, A1 =Area of vena contracta
Co-efficient of contraction, CC = A1/A0
By the continuity equation and we will have following
equation
Thus we will use the value of CC in above equation of discharge Q and we will have following result for rate of flow or discharge
through orifice meter.
Merits of Orifice meter
- Simple in construction.
- Installation is cheaper.
Demerit:
- Measurement of flow is not accurate as compared to venturimeter.

Venturimeter Orifice meter

 Used to measure flow rates of all
incompressible flows(gas and liquids)
 Connected to pipelines
 Flow velocity measured by noting the
Pressure diff between THROAT and
INLET measured
 Used to measure flow of liquids
 Can be opened as free jet to
atmosphere
 Discharge velocity measured by using
pitot tube or trajatory method
 The value of discharge Q through the pipe is given by the
following equation:
Where,
 a1 = area of pipe at section 1
 a0 = area of orifice
 h = differential head
 g = acceleration due to gravity
 cd= co-efficient of discharge for orifice meter.
 The coefficient of discharge for orifice meter is much smaller than that of venture meter.
 An orifice meter with an orifice diameter 10 cm is inserted in a pipe of diameter of 30 cm
diameter. The pressure gauges fitted upstream and downstream of the orifice meter give
readings of 25.524 N/cm2 and 19.62 N/cm2 respectively. Coefficient of discharge is given as
0.6 for the pipe. Find the discharge through the pipe.
 MOMENT OF MOMENTUM (ANGULAR MOMENTUM)
 Momentum of fluid per second at section 1 = Mass x velocity
 Momentum of fluid per second at section 1 = ρ Q x V1
 Moment of momentum per second at section 1 = ρ Q x V1 x r1

 Moment of momentum per second at section 2 = ρ Q x V2 x r2

 Rate of change of moment of momentum = ρ Q x V2 x r2 - ρ Q x V1 x r1
 Rate of change of moment of momentum = ρ Q [V2 x r2 -V1 x r1]


 According to the concept of moment of momentum equation, Resulting torque acting on a rotating
fluid will be equal to the rate of change of moment of momentum.
 Resultant Torque = Rate of change of momentum
 T = ρ Q [V2 x r2 -V1 x r1]
 Above equation will be termed as moment of momentum equation.
Applications of moment of momentum equation

 Moment of momentum equation will be applied in following cases.

 1. To determine the torque exerted by water on sprinkler
 2. For analysis of flow problems in centrifugal pump and turbine
 Kinetic energy correction factor
 Kinetic energy correction factor is basically defined as the ratio of kinetic energy of
the flow per second based on actual velocity across a section to the kinetic energy
of the flow per second based on average velocity across the same section.


 Kinetic energy correction factor will be displayed by the symbol α and will be
written mathematically as mentioned here.


 Kinetic energy correction factor, α =

 (K.E. per second based on actual velocity) / (K.E. per second based on average
velocity)
Momentum correction factor
Momentum correction factor is basically defined as the ratio of momentum of the flow per second
based on actual velocity across a section to the momentum of the flow per second based on average
velocity across the same section.

Momentum correction factor will be displayed by the symbol β and will be written mathematically as
mentioned here.

Momentum correction factor, β =

(Momentum per second based on actual velocity) / (Momentum per second based on average
velocity)