BUILDING SERVICES

DANIA IRSHAD
ILMA NAFEES
MD. AQDAS USMANI
WAHAB HUSSAIN
POSSIBLE CAUSE OF FIRE EFFECTS OF FIRE
1. Electrical wiring can cause a fire if it is faulty or not adequate enough to 1. Carbon monoxide: Invisible,odourless gas. Most abundant of
carry the load being supplied. fire gases. Hampers oxygen from reaching the brain.
2. Smoking is not only a major destroyer of life, it is also a highly 2. Carbon dioxide: This gas overstimulates the rate of breathing
preventable cause of fires. and thus increases the intake of other toxic gases.
3. Cooking accidents are a major cause of home fires 3. Hydrogen sulphide: Effects nervous system,causes dizziness
4. Heating sources are often causes of Fire. and pain in respiratory system.
5. Rubbish and waste materials. 4. Nitrogen dioxide:Extremely toxic,numbs or deadens the
6. Combustible Materials. throat.
7. Hazardous Materials. Affect of other factors:
8. Arson and Deliberate fire setting. 1. Human body withstands Temperature of 65˚C-120˚ C.
9. Post-Earthquake fire spread between buildings in an urban setting. Wind 2. Smoke hampers vision ands impair rational thought.
speed is the major factor in the magnitude of post-earthquake fire when Oxygen content falls from normal level of 21% in air to
losses. 17%, hence rational thought and muscle control becomes
10.Lightning extremely difficult. When O2 falls below 6%, breathing stops
and death occurs within 4-6 minutes.
SIGNAGES
SMOKE DETECTORS

SMOKE DETECTORS
TYPES
PHOTOELECTRIC DETECTOR
IONIZATION DETECTOR
FIRE ALARM
 SYSTEM OF SPRINKLERS
Water sprinklers provide an automatic spray dedicated to the area of fire outbreak.
Sprinkler heads have temperature sensitive elements that respond immediately to
heat, discharging the contents of the water main to which they are attached.
In addition to a rapid response which reduces and isolates fire damage, sprinklers
use less water to control a fire than the firefighting service, therefore preventing
further damage from excess water.

PIPEWORK:
Domestic pipework † solvent cement bonded, post-chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
(CPVC).
Industrial and commercial pipework † threaded galvanised mild steel.

The simplest application is to attach and suspend sprinkler heads from a water main
fixed at ceiling level
Pipe materials † Copper tube † BS EN 1057 Post-chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC)
System † mains supplied, wet.
Pipe sizes † 25 mm minimum i.d. incoming service to supply at least 60 l/min. through
any one sprinkler head, or 42 l/min. through any two sprinkler heads operating
simultaneously in the same room.
Sprinkler head spacing † area covered by one head, maximum 12 m2.
Maximum distance between heads † 4 m. Maximum distance from wall to ceiling
mounted head † 2 m. Minimum distance between heads in the same room † 2 m (only 1
head per room is normal).
Operating pressure † Minimum 0.5 bar (50 kPa).
 TYPES OF SPRINKLERS
Quartzoid bulb † a glass tube is used to retain a water valve on its seating. The bulb or tube contains a
coloured volatile fluid, which when heated to a specific temperature expands to shatter the glass and open
the valve. Water flows on to a deflector, dispersing as a spray over the source of fire.

Operating temperatures vary with a colour coded liquid:

Orange † 57ƒC
Red † 68ƒC
Yellow † 79ƒC
Green † 93ƒC
Blue † 141ƒC
Mauve † 182ƒC
Black † 204 or 260ƒC

Fusible strut † has two metal struts soldered together to retain a water valve in place. A range of solder
melting temperatures are available to suit various applications. Under heat, the struts part to allow the valve
to discharge water on the fire.

Duraspeed solder type † contains a heat collector which has a soldered cap attached. When heat melts the
solder, the cap falls away to displace a strut allowing the head to open. Produced in a range of operating
temperatures.
 HOSE REEL
Hose reels are firefighting equipment for use as a first-aid measure by
building occupants. They should be located where users are least likely to be
endangered by the fire, i.e. the staircase landing.

The hose most distant from the source of water should be capable of
discharging 0.4 l/s at a 6 m distance from the nozzle, when the two most
remote hose reels are operating simultaneously. A pressure of 200 kPa is
required at the highest reel. If the water main cannot provide this, a
break/suction tank and booster pumps should be installed.
HYDRANTS
FIRE ESCAPE AND EXITS

PRESSURIZATION OF ESCAPE ROUTES

REFUGE AREA
HEAT AND SMOKE VENTS

HEAT AND SMOKE VENTS

SMOKE EXTRACTION