INSTITUTIONAL

CORRECTIONS
 Definition Of Terms
Alcatraz - a US federal penitentiary, Often referred to as "The Rock", the small island of
alcatraz was developed with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, a military prison
(1868), and a federal prison from 1933 until 1963.

Alexander Maconochie - was a Scottish naval officer, geographer, and penal reformer. He is
known as the Father of Parole.

His 2 Basic Principle of Penology

1. As cruelty debases both the victim and society, punishment
should not be vindictive but should aim at the reform of
the convict to observe social constraints, and

2. A convict's imprisonment should consist of task, not time

sentences, with release depending on the performance of a
measurable amount of labour.
 Definition Of Terms
Auburn Prison - Constructed in 1816 ,(opened 1819) it was the second state prison in New York,
the site of the first execution by electric chair in 1890. It uses the silent or congregate system.

Banishment - a punishment originating in ancient times, that required offenders to leave the
community and live elsewhere, commonly in the wilderness.

BJMP - (Bureau of Jail Management and Penology) government agency mandated by law (RA
6975) to take operational and administrative control over all city, district and municipal jails.
 Definition Of Terms
BJMP - (Bureau of Jail Management and Penology) government agency mandated by law (RA
6975) to take operational and administrative control over all city, district and municipal jails.
It takes custody of detainees accused before a court who are temporarily confined in such jails
while undergoing investigation, waiting final judgement and those who are serving sentence
promulgated by the court 3 years and below.
- created Jan. 2, 1991.
- Charles S. Mondejar - 1st BJMP chief.
- BJMP chief tour of duty, must not exceed 4 years, maybe
extended by President. Grounds:
1. In times of war
2. other national emergencies.
 Definition Of Terms
- Senior superintendent - the rank from which the BJMP chief
is appointed. This is the rank of the BJMP Directors of
the Directorates in the National Headquarters. This is also
the rank of the Regional Director for Jail Management
and Penology.

- Chief of the BJMP - Highest ranking BJMP officer. Appointed

by the President upon recommendation of DILG Secretary. Rank
is Director.

- BJMP Deputy Chief for Administration - the 2nd highest ranking

BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation
of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendent.
 Definition Of Terms
- BJMP Deputy Chief for Operations - the 3rd highest ranking
BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation
of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendent.

- BJMP Chief of the Directorial Staff - the 4th highest BJMP

officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation of
the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendents.
 Definition Of Terms
Borstal - a custodial institution for young offenders.

Borstal System - rehabilitation method formerly used in Great Britain for delinquent boys aged 16
to 21. The idea originated (1895) with the Gladstone Committee as an attempt to reform young
offenders. The first institution was established (1902) at Borstal Prison, Kent, England.

Branding - stigmatizing is the process in which a mark, usually a symbol or ornamental pattern, is
burned into the skin of a living person, with the intention that the resulting scar makes it
permanent as a punishment or imposing masterly rights over an enslaved or otherwise
oppressed person.
Bridewell Prison and Workhouse - was the first correctional institution in England and was a
precursor of the modern prison. Built initially as a royal residence in 1523, Bridewell Palace was
given to the city of London to serve as the foundation for as system of Houses of Correction
known as “Bridewells.” These institutions, eventually numbering 200 in Britain, housed
vagrants, homeless children, petty offenders, disorderly women, prisoners of war, soldiers, and
colonists sent to Virginia.
 Definition Of Terms
Bridewell Prison and Hospital - was established in a former royal palace in 1553 with two
purposes: the punishment of the disorderly poor and housing of homeless children in the City of
London.

Bureau of Corrections - has for its principal task the rehabilitation of national prisoners, or those
sentenced to serve a term of imprisonment of more than three years.

- has 7 prison facilities

- 1 prison institution for women
- 1 vocational training centre for juveniles.
- Classification Board - classifies inmates according to
their security status.
- Reception and Diagnostic Centre - (RDC) receives, studies and classifies inmates
committed to Bureau of Corrections.
- Board of Discipline - hears complaints and grievances with
regard to violations of prison rules and regulations.
 Definition Of Terms
- New Bilibid Prison - established in 1941 in Muntinlupa
Camp Bukang Liwayway - minimum security prison.
Camp Sampaguita - medium security prison
- Davao penal Colony - established jan 21, 1932 (RA 3732)
- Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm - established Sept.27, 1954
(Proclamation No.72) location:Occidental Mindoro
- Leyte Regional Prison - established Jan.16, 1973
- Old Bilibid Prison - First Penal Institution in the Phil.
designated as insular penitentiary by Royal Decree in 1865.
 Definition Of Terms
Burning at Stake - a form of ancient punishment by tying the victim in a vertical post and burning
him/her.

Cesare Beccaria - an Italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher and politician best known for his
treaties On Crimes and Punishments (1764), which condemned torture and the death penalty,
and was a founding work in the field of penology and the Classical School of criminology

Charles Montesquieu - a french lawyer, who analyzed law as an expression of justice. He is

famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many
constitutions throughout the world.

Code of Justinian - formally Corpus Juris Civilis (“Body of Civil Law”), Justinian I the collections
of laws and legal interpretations developed under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor
Justinian I from AD
529 to 565.
 Definition Of Terms
Commitment Order - is an act of sending a person to prison by means of such a warrant or order.

Correctional Administration - the study and practice of a system of managing jails and prisons
and other institutions concerned with the custody, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal
offenders.

Corrections - describes a variety of functions typically carried out by government agencies, and
involving the punishment, treatment, and supervision of persons who have been convicted of
crimes.

Death Row - refers to incarcerated persons who have been sentenced to death and are awaiting
execution.

Deterrence - as contended by Cesare Beccaria, proponent of the classical theory, that

punishment is to prevent others from committing crime.
 Definition Of Terms
Director Charles S. Mondejar - the first Chief of BJMP. He took his oath of office on July 1
of 1991.

District Jail - is a cluster of small jails, each having a monthly average population of ten or less
inmates, and is located in the vicinity of the court.

Draco - was the first legislator of ancient Athens, Greece, 7th century BC. He replaced the
prevailing system of oral law and blood feud by a written code to be enforced only by a court.

Ducking Stool - a chair fastened to the end of a pole, used formerly to plunge offenders into a
pond or river as a punishment.

Dungeon - a dark cell, usually underground where prisoners are confined.

 Definition Of Terms
Elmira Reformatory - located in new York, was originally a prison opened to contain Confederate
prisoners of war during the Civil War. It became known as a “death camp” because of the
squalid conditions and high death rate in its few years of operation. Established 1876.

Elmira System - An American penal system named after Elmira Reformatory, in New York. In 1876
Zebulon R. Brockway became an innovator in the reformatory movement by establishing Elmira
Reformatory for young felons. The Elmira system classified and separated various types of
prisoners, gave them individualized treatment emphasizing vocational training and
industrial employment, used indeterminate sentences.

Ergastulum - is a Roman prison used to confine slaves. They were attached to work benches and
forced to do hard labor in period of imprisonment.

Exemplarity - the criminal is punished to serve as an example to others to deter further

commission of crime.
 Definition Of Terms
Expiation - (Atonement) execution of punishment visibly or publicly forn the purpose of appeasing
a social group. Expiation is a group vengeance as distinguished from retribution.

First Women's Prison - opened in Indiana 1873. Based on the reformatory model.

Four Classes of Prisoners

1. Insular or national prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term
of three years and one day to death;

2. Provincial prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of six

months and one day to three years;

3. City prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day

to three years; and

4. Municipal Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one

day to six months.
 Definition Of Terms
Flogging - (Flog) beat (someone) with a whip or stick as a punishment.

Fred T. Wilkinson - last warden of the Alcatraz prison.

Galley - a low, flat ship with one or more sails and up to three banks of oars, chiefly used for
warfare or piracy and often manned by slaves or criminals.

Goals of Criminal Sentencing

1. Retribution
2. Punishment
3. Deterrence
4. Incapacitation
5. Rehabilitation
6. Reintegration
7. Restoration
 Definition Of Terms
Golden Age Of Penology - 1870 - 1880

Guillotine - an ancient form of capital punishment by cutting the head.

Halfway House - a center for helping former drug addicts, prisoners, psychiatric patients, or others
to adjust to life in general society.

Hammurabi's Code - an ancient code which contain both civil and criminal law. First known
codified law prior to Roman law. Better organized and comprehensive than biblical law. One of
its law is lex taliones (an eye for an eye)

Hedonism - the ethical theory that pleasure (in the sense of the satisfaction of desires) is the
highest good and proper aim of human life.
 Definition Of Terms
Hulk - an old ship stripped of fittings and permanently moored, especially for use as storage or
(formerly) as a prison.

Impalement - (Impaling) a form of capital punishment, is the penetration of an organism by an

object such as a stake, pole, spear or hook, by complete (or partial) perforation of the body,
often the central body mass. Killing by piercing the body with a spear or sharp pole.

Institutional Corrections - refers to those persons housed in secure correctional facilities.

Jail - is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under investigation or undergoing trial, or
serving short-term sentences

Gaol - old name/term of jail.

 Definition Of Terms
Jail - is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under investigation or undergoing trial, or
serving short-term sentences

Gaol - old name/term of jail.

Three Types of Detainees

1. Those undergoing investigation;
2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and
3. those awaiting final judgment

Jails - holds
a. Convicted offenders serving short sentences
b. Convicted offenders awaiting transfer to prison
c. Offenders who have violated their probation or parole
d. Defendants who are awaiting trial
 Definition Of Terms
James V. Bennett - was a leading American penal reformer and prison administrator who served
as director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (FBOP) from 1937 to 1964. He was one of the
strongest advocates in the movement in persuading Congress to close Alcatraz and replace it
with a new maximum-security prison, eventually successful in 1963 when it closed.

January 2, 1991 - the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology was created thru Republic Act
6975 as a line Bureau under the Department of Interior and Local Government.

Jean Jacques Villain - pioneered classification to separate women and children from hardened
criminals.

Jeremy Bentham - a prison reformer, believed that the prisoner should suffer a severe regime, but
that it should not be detrimental to the prisoner's health. He designed the Panopticon in 1791.
 Definition Of Terms
John Howard - a philanthropist and the first English prison reformer.

Justice - crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive justice, vindication of
absolute right and moral law violated by the criminal.

lapidation - (Stoning) the act of pelting with stones; punishment inflicted by throwing stones at the
victim.

Lex Taliones - an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.

Lockups - Suspects usually stay in a lockup for only 24 to 48 hours. A suspect may later be
transferred from the lockup to the jail.
 Definition Of Terms
Mamertine Prison - was a prison (carcer) located in the Comitium in ancient Rome. It was
originally created as a cistern for a spring in the floor of the second lower level. Prisoners were
lowered through an opening into the lower dungeon.

Mark System - developed in Australia by Alexander Maconochie, whereby credits, or marks, were
awarded for good behaviour, a certain number of marks being required for release.

Mittimus - is a process issued by the court after conviction to carry out the final judgment, such as
commanding a prison warden to hold the accused, in accordance with the terms of the
judgment. Mittimus is often attached on the commitment order issued by the court whenever the
convict is to be transferred to prison for service of sentence.

Mortality rate - A measure of the frequency of deaths in a defined population during a specified
interval of time.
 Definition Of Terms
Mutilation or maiming - an ancient form of punishment, is an act of physical injury that degrades
the appearance or function of any living body, sometimes causing death.

National Prisons Association - was organized in Cincinnati in 1870.

Neo-Classical - children and lunatics should not be punished as they can not calculate pleasure
and pain.

Classical Theory - pain must exceed pleasure to deter crime.

All are punished regardless of age, mental condition, social
status and other circumstances.

Positivist Theory - criminal is a sick person and should be

treated and not punished.

Eclectic - it means selecting the best of various styles or ideas.

 Definition Of Terms
Newgate Prison - not a real prison but an abandoned copper mine of Simsbury Connecticut. Inmates are
confined underground (Black hole of horrors).

Operational capacity - the number of inmates that can be accommodated based on a facility's staff, existing
programs, and services.

Panopticon - a prison design, allowed a centrally placed observer to survey all the inmates, as prison wings
radiated out from this central position.

Parole - refers to criminal offenders who are conditionally released from prison to serve the remaining portion of
their sentence in the community.

Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) - was created pursuant to Presidential Decree (P.D.) No.968, as
amended, to administer the probation system. Under Executive Order No. 292, the Probation Administration
was renamed as the Parole and Probation Administration, and given the added function of supervising
prisoners who, after serving part of their sentence in jails are released on parole or granted conditional
pardon. The PPA and the Board of Pardons and Parole are the agencies involved in the non-institutional
treatment of offenders.
 Definition Of Terms
Penal Management - refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of
confinement such as jails and prisons.

PD No. 603 - was promulgated to provide for the care and treatment of youth offenders from the
time of apprehension up to the termination of the case.

Under this law, a youth offender is defined as a child, minor

or youth who is over nine years but under eighteen years of
age at the time of the commission of the offence.
 Definition Of Terms
Penology - a branch of Criminology that deals with prison management and reformation of
criminals.

Poene (latin) - penalty

Logos (latin) - science

Pillory - a wooden framework with holes for the head and hands, in which offenders were formerly
imprisoned and exposed to public abuse.

Prison - which refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries managed and supervised by the
Bureau of Corrections, an agency under the Department of Justice.

Prison Hulks - (1776-1857) were ships which were anchored in the Thames, and at Portsmouth
and Plymouth. Those sent to them were employed in hard labour during the day and then
loaded, in chains, onto the ship at night.
 Definition Of Terms
Provincial Jail - under the office of the Governor. Where the imposable
penalty for the crime committed is more than six months and the same was
committed within the municipality, the offender must serve his or her
sentence in the provincial jail.

Where the penalty imposed exceeds three years, the offender

shall serve his or her sentence in the penal institutions of
the Bureau of Corrections.

Punishment - the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution

for an offence.
 Definition Of Terms
Quakers - (or Friends, as they refer to themselves) are members of a family of religious
movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. Many Quakers have worked
for reform of the criminal justice systems of their day. Quakers believe that people can always
change: their focus has been on reforms that make positive change more likely, such as
increased opportunities for education, improved prison conditions, help with facing up to violent
impulses, and much else.

William Penn - founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the

English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania.was the first great Quaker prison reformer.
In his ‘Great Experiment’ in Pennsylvania in the 1680s he
abolished capital punishment for all crimes except murder.
He also stated that ‘prisons shall be workhouses,’ that bail
should be allowed for minor offences’, and ‘all prisons shall
be free, as to fees, food and lodgings’. He provided for
rehabilitation, as he stipulated that prisoners should be
helped to learn a trade, so that they could make an honest
living when they were released.
 Definition Of Terms
John Bellers - (1654-1725) was the earliest British Friend to
pay serious and systematic attention to social reform. He
pleaded for the abolition of the death penalty, the first
time this plea had been made. He argued that criminals were
the creation of society itself and urged that when in prison
there should be work for prisoners so that they might return
to the world with an urge to industry.

Elizabeth Fry - (1780-1845) was the most famous of Quaker

reformers, though others were equally influential in raising
public awareness. Reforms such as the separation of women and
children from men and the development of purposeful activity
of work or education came about through pressure from
informed people.
 Definition Of Terms
RA 6975 - sec.60 to 65, created the BJMP.

Rank Classification of BJMP

Director
Chief Superintendent
Senior Superintendent
Superintendent
Chief Inspector
Senior Inspector
Inspector
Senior Jail Officer IV
Senior Jail Officer III
Senior Jail Officer II
Senior Jail Officer I
Jail Officer III
Jail Officer II
Jail Officer I
 Definition Of Terms
RA 10575 - The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013.

Rack - a form of torture or punishment wherein pain is inflicted to to the body through stretching.

Rated Capacity - the number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating official to institutions within
the jurisdiction.

Reformation - the object of punishment in a criminal case is to correct and reform the offender.
 Definition Of Terms
Reformatory Movement - The reformatory movement was based on principles adopted at the
1870 meeting of the National Prison Association.

The reformatory was designed:

a. for younger, less hardened offenders.
b. based on a military model of regimentation.
c. with indeterminate terms.
d. with parole or early release for favorable progress
in reformation.

Rehabilitation - to restore a criminal to a useful life, to a life in which they contribute to themselves
and to society.

Retribution - punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrong or criminal act.

 Definition Of Terms
Security Level - A designation applied to a facility to describe the
measures taken, both inside and outside, to preserve security and custody.

The simplest security level categorization is:

a. maximum
b. medium
c. minimum

Maximum - security facilities are characterized by very

tight internal and external security.

Common security measures include: (Maximum)

- A high wall or razor-wire fencing
- Armed-guard towers
- Electronic detectors
- External armed patrol
 Definition Of Terms
- External armed patrol
- A wide, open buffer zone between the outer wall or fence
and the community.
- Restrictions on inmate movement
- The capability of closing off areas to contain riots or
disruptions.

Houses the following inmates:

- Those sentenced to death
- Those sentenced with min. 20 years
- Those remanded inmates/detainees with min. 20 years sentence
- Those whose sentences is under review by SC (min.20 years)
- Those whose sentences is under appeal (min.20 years)
- Those with pending cases
- Those who are recidivist
 Definition Of Terms
Ultra-Maximum/Super-Maximum Security Prison - house notorious
offenders and problem inmates from other institutions.
These institutions utilize: Total isolation of inmates,
Constant lockdowns

Medium-security institutions - place fewer restrictions on

inmate movement inside the facility.

Characteristics often include:(Medium)

- Dormitory or barracks-type living quarters
- No external security wall
- Barbed wire rather than razor wire
- Fences and towers that look less forbidding
 Definition Of Terms
Houses the following inmates:

- Those sentenced to less than 20 years

Minimum-security prisons - are smaller and more open.

They often house inmates who:

- Have established records of good behavior
- Are nearing release

Characteristics often include:(Minimum)

- Dormitory or barracks living quarters
- No fences
- Some inmates may be permitted to leave during the day
to work or study.
- Some inmates may be granted furloughs
 Definition Of Terms
Sing Sing Prison - was the third prison built by New York State. It is a maximum security prison.

Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise - was a British prison administrator and reformer, and founder of the
Borstal system.

Sir Walter Crofton - the director of Irish prisons. In his program, known as the Irish system,
prisoners progressed through three stages of confinement before they were returned to civilian
life. The first portion of the sentence was served in isolation. After that, prisoners were
assigned to group work projects.

Stocks - instrument of punishment consisting of a heavy timber frame with holes in which the
feet and sometimes the hands of an offender can be locked.
 Definition Of Terms
correctional system:
1. DOJ
2. DILG
3. DSWD

DOJ - supervises the national penitentiaries through the

Bureau of Corrections, administers the parole and probation
system through the Parole and Probation Administration, and
assists the President in the grant of executive clemency through
the Board of Pardons and Parole.

DILG - supervises the provincial, district, city and municipal

jails through the provincial governments and the Bureau of
Jail Management and Penology, respectively.

DSWD - supervises the regional rehabilitation centres for

youth offenders through the Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare.
 Definition Of Terms
Transportation - a punishment in which offenders were transported from their home nation to one
of that nation's colony to work.

Twelve Tables - The Law of the Twelve Tables (Latin: Leges Duodecim Tabularum or Duodecim
Tabulae) was the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. Established
basic procedural rights for all Roman citizens as against one another

Underground Cistern - a reservoir for storing liquids, underground tank for storing water. This was
also used prison in ancient times.

Utilitarianism - a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and 19th-century English philosophers and
economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill that an action is right if it tends to promote
happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happiness—not just the happiness of
the performer of the action but also that of everyone affected by it.
 Definition Of Terms
Voltaire - believes that fear of shame is a deterrent to crime.

Walnut Street Jail - opened in 1790 in Philadelphia. Considered the 1st state prison. Inmates
labored in solitary cells and received large doses of religious training.

Workhouses - European forerunners of the modern U.S. prison, where offenders were sent to
learn discipline and regular work habits.

Zebulon Reed Brockway - was a penologist and is sometimes regarded as the Father of prison
reform and Father of American Parole in the
United States.