Lec 2

Networking Model

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CONTENTS

2.1 Introduction 2.3 Internet

2.2 OSI Models Models
2.2.2 Physical 2.3.1 An exchange using the
TCP/IP model
2.2.3 Data link
2.3.2 Summary of duties
2.2.4 Network
2.3.3 Comparison
2.2.5 Transport
2.2.6 Session
2.2.7 Presentation
2.2.8 Application
2.2.9 Summary of duties

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Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lecture, you should be

able to
 Elaborate the OSI layer
 Elaborate the TCP/IP layer
2.1 Introduction
Analogy :
Sending a
letter

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 7. writing a English? 7. read a letter
letter

Cryptographic
6. translator 6. translator
language agreed on
5. secretary ACK 5. secretary

4. postmaster postmaster 4. postmaster

3. addressing 3. addressing 3. addressing 3. addressing

2. check 2. check 2. check 2. check

1. transport 1. transport 1. transport 1. transport

van car
Johor KL a/plane Bejing Shanghai
post office post office post office post office5
 2.2 OSI Model Application

 Established in 1947
Presentation
 The International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational Session
body dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international
Transport
standards.
 An ISO standard that covers all Network
aspects of network communications is
the Open Systems Interconnection
Data link
(OSI) model.
 It was first introduced in the late
Physical
1970s.

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 PDU & Encapsulation
Sender (Computer 1) Receiver (Computer 2)

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The interaction between
layers in the OSI model

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2.2.1 Function
Application Data H7 www, FTP chat Application

Presentation Data H6 mpeg, jpeg, doc Presentation

Session Data H5 Open a telnet, do something in Session

between, close

Transport Data H4 TCP, UDP Transport

Network Data H3 IP,HDLC, IPX Network

ATM, PPP, NIC, Ring

Data link T2 Data H2
token, Bus Data link

Physical 01101101101101 Cable, Hub Physical

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2.2.2 Physical layer

 The physical layer is responsible for

transmitting individual bits from one
node to the next.
 Duties
 Physical characteristic of interface &
media
 Representation of bits
 Data rate
 Synchronization of bits
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Transmission of bits on the
physical hardware
2.2.3 Data link layer

 The data link layer is responsible for

transmitting frames from one node to
the next.
 Duties
 Framing
 Physical addressing
 Flow control
 Error control
 Access control Framing of units of
information and error checking
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2.2.3 Data link layer:
Node-to-node delivery

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2.2.3 Data link layer:
Node-to-node delivery
EXAMPLE: A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a
node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected
by a link. At the data link level this frame contains physical
addresses in the header. These are the only addresses needed.
The rest of the header contains other information needed at
this level. The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for
error detection

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2.2.4 Network layer

 The network layer is responsible for

the delivery of packets from the
original source to the final
destination
 Duties
 Logical addressing
 Routing

Packet delivery, including

routing 14
2.2.4 Network layer:
Source-to-destination delivery

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2.2.4 Network layer:
Source-to-destination delivery
EXAMPLE: Let say we want to
send data from a node with network
address A and physical address 10,
located on one LAN, to a node with
a network address P and physical
address 95, located on another LAN.
Because the two devices are located
on different networks, we cannot use
physical addresses only; the physical
addresses only have local
jurisdiction. What we need here are
universal addresses that can pass
through the LAN boundaries. The
network (logical) addresses have this
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characteristic
2.2.5 Transport layer

 The transport layer is responsible for

delivery of a message from one
process to another.
 Duties
 Port addressing
 Segmentation & reassembly
 Connection control
 Flow control
 Error control Provision of reliable and
unreliable end-to-end delivery
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 2.2.6 Session layer
The session layer is responsible for
maintains, establishes and synchronizes the
interaction between communicating
systems.
 Dialog control
 allows two systems to enter into a dialog
(communication between two process.)
 Synchronization
 allow a process to add checkpoints into a
stream of data

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 2.2.7 Presentation layer
 The presentation layer is responsible
for syntax and semantics of the
information exchanged between two
systems
 Translation
 the running programs must be
changed to bit streams before being
transmitted.
 Encryption / Decryption
 to carry sensitive information, a
system must be able to ensure
privacy.
 Compression
 reduces the number of bits
contained in the information.
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2.2.8 Application layer

 The application layer is responsible for providing

services to the user.
 Duties
 Mail services
 File transfer and access
 Remote log in
 Accessing WWW

Provide network
application such as file
transfer
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2.2.9 Summary of duties
 Application – to allow access to network resource
 Presentation – to translate, encrypt and compress data
 Session – to establish, manage and terminate session
 Transport – to provide reliable process-to-process message delivery and
error recovery
 Network – to move packets from source to destination, to provide
internetworking
 Data Link – to organize bit into frames; to provide hop-to-hop delivery
 Physical – to transmit bits over a medium; to provide mechanical and
electrical specifications

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2.3 TCP/IP Model

 The layers in the TCP/IP Model do not exactly match

those in the OSI model.
 The original TCP/IP model was defined as having four
layers: host-to-network, internet, transport, and
application.
 However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say
that the TCP/IP Model is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.

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2.3 TCP/IP Model (cont.)

Application
Application

Transport

Transport

Network

Internet

Data link
Network Access
Physical

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2.3.1 An exchange using the
TCP/IP model

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2.3.2 Summary of duties
 Application – to allow access to network resource
 Transport – to provide reliable process-to-process message delivery and
error recovery
 Network – to move packets from source to destination, to provide
internetworking
 Data Link – to organize bit into frames; to provide hop-to-hop delivery
 Physical – to transmit bits over a medium; to provide mechanical and
electrical specifications

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2.3.3 Comparison
Application

Application
Presentation

Session Transport

Transport
Network
Network

Data link
Data link

Physical Physical
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2.3.3 Comparison

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 Any
Questions?