Mechanics of Materials

• Mechanics of materials deals with the development of

internal forces and displacements due to the influence
of externally applied loads/forces on the bodies
Stress
• Stress is defined as the force acting on a unit area and
expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by
the resisting area

• Stresses can be classified as normal stress, flexural

stress, shear stress, torsional and bearing stress etc.
 Axial Stress

• Axial stress is generated when the applied force is

parallel to the axis of member
• It may be +ve or –ve depending upon whether the
applied force is tensile or compressive

Tension (+ve) Compression (-ve)

• Tie rods, columns, truss etc.
 Shear Stress
• Shear stress develops when applied force is parallel to
the resisting area
  𝑉
𝜏=
𝐴

• Shear stress tends to split of one segment from the

other
 Torsional Stress

• This type of stress is generated in a member when a

twisting forces is applied on the member.

𝑇𝐶   𝜋 4
 
𝜏= 𝐽= 𝑟
𝐽 2
 Combined Stresses
• Tresses due to Axial and Lateral Loads
• Combined normal and shear stresses
• (1) Transformation equations
• (2) Mohrs’ circle
 Axial and Lateral loads

• When two or more type of stresses develop due to the

applied force/forces then the resultant stress is called
combined stress

• Combined axial and flexural loading/stresses

 Combined Stress
• The combined stress is given as
  𝑃 𝑀𝐶
𝜎 =± ±
𝐴 𝐼

• The +ve or –ve sign depends upon the position of the

point where the combined stress is to be calculated
 Application of Combined Axial and
Flexural Loading
• Wind pressure on walls, chimney etc.
• Retaining walls
• Dams
 Kern/Core of a Section

• It is defined as the area in a cross section of a member

with in which if the load is applied results in
generation of only one type of stress that is
compressive.
• Consider a small short strut under eccentric axial
loading. The stresses developed will be axial and
flexural
 Kern/Core of a Section

• The stress distribution at base (section mn) due to

combined loads is shown in fig (c)
• The position of N.A can be determined by comparing
following equation to zero
  𝑃 𝑀𝐶  
0
𝜎 =± ±
𝐴 𝐼
  𝑃 ( 𝑃𝑒) 𝑎
=
𝐴 𝐼
  𝐼
𝑎=
𝐴𝑒
 Kern/Core of a Section

• It is evident that there will be no tensile stress at the

base if ‘a=c=d/2’. (NA is at corner of the cross
section)
• For this condition the maximum eccentricity at which
the load can be applied will be given as
  𝐼   𝑏 𝑑3
𝑎= 𝑑 12
𝐴𝑒 2
=
𝑏𝑑𝑒
  𝑑
𝑒=
6
 Kern/Core of a Section

• It has been shown that the maximum eccentricity

allowed is d/6 to avoid the tensile stresses in the
members
• This is the basis of a well known rule used for
designing the masonry, concrete structures (weak in
tension), that the resultant of forces should fall in the
middle third of the section
Kern/Core of a Section
 Example 1
• A composite beam consisting of fiberglass faces and a core of
particle board has the cross section shown in the figure. The
width of the beam is 2.0 in., the thickness of the faces is 0.10
in., and the thickness of the core is 0.50 in. The beam is
subjected to a bending moment of 250 lb-in. acting about the z
axis.
• Find the maximum bending stresses s face and s core in the
faces and the core, respectively, if their respective moduli of
elasticity are 4 106 psi and 1.5 106 psi.
 Example 2
• A hollow box beam is constructed with webs of Douglas-fir plywood and
flanges of pine, as shown in the figure in a cross-sectional view. The
plywood is 1 in. thick and 12 in. wide; the flanges are 2 in. 4 in. (nominal
size). The modulus of elasticity for the plywood is 1,800,000 psi and for
the pine is 1,400,000 psi.
(a) If the allowable stresses are 2000 psi for the plywood and 1750 psi for the
pine, find the allowable bending moment Mmax when the beam is bent about
the z axis.
(b) Repeat part a if the beam is now bent about its y axis.
Variation of Stresses with Inclination
 Beams Subjected to Bending and Shear
• Consider a small element of the beam
• If the orientation of the element is changed the magnitude
of the stresses will also be changed
• The maximum stress resulting from these stresses are
called principal stresses and the are used for design and
analysis, such as joints welds of isotropic materials etc.
σy

P
σx σx

σy
Sign Convention for Combined Stresses
The first subscript of
the shear stress
denotes the normal to
the axis on which the
shear stress is applied,
and the second index
refers to the direction
of the shear stress
 

xy Acting parallel to y-axis

Acting normal to x-axis

 Plane Stress
•• Plane
  stress is defined to be a state of stress in which
the normal stress σz and the shear stresses xz and yz

are zero
• The applied stresses are only in one plane
 Special Cases of Plane Stress

• Uniaxial stress

• Biaxial stress

• Pure shear
 Variation of Stresses with Inclination of
Element

• Two approaches to calculate

stress on the rotated element are
Analytical approach
Mohr’s Circle approach
 Weld in a plate (for how much
Failure of
strength it should be designed??)
Wooden strut
 Example 4

• A masonry pier of x-section 3x4 m 2 supports a

vertical load of 80KN at point ‘P’.
• Find the stresses developed at each corner
• What additional load should be placed at the center so
that there is no tension anywhere in the section
• What are the stresses at the corners with additional
load at the center
 Example 5

• Calculate and sketch the kern of a W360x122 section.

• (Problem 921, page 320)
• Properties of W360x122 are as follows
• Area=15500mm Width=257mm
2

• Depth=363mm Flange thickness=21.7mm

• Web thickness=13mm
• I =365x10 mm I =61.5x10 mm
x
6 4
y
6 4

• S =2010x10 mm S =478x10 mm
x
3 3
y
3 3

• r =153mm r =63mm
x y