Single Channel SIS Fail Rates

Overt Failures Covert Failures

Spurious Trip Rate Dangerous failure Rate
𝜆𝑆 = 1/𝑀𝑇𝐵𝐹𝑆𝑃 𝜆𝐷 = 1/𝑀𝑇𝑇𝐹𝐷

DC = Coverage
𝜆𝐷
Loss of production

𝜆𝑆 + 𝜆𝐷𝐷 𝜆𝐷𝐷 = 𝐷𝐶𝜆𝐷 𝜆𝐷𝑈 = (1 − 𝐷𝐶)𝜆𝐷

Trips plant unless Detectable by self Detectable by
2oo3 or 2oo2 voting diagnostics manual proof testing

𝑆𝑃 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝜆𝑆 + 𝜆𝐷𝐷 𝑃𝐹𝐷1 = 𝜆𝐷𝐷 𝑋(𝑀𝑇𝑇𝑅) 𝑃𝐹𝐷2 = 𝜆𝐷𝐷 X( Ti/2)

 Single Channel SIS Fail Rates

Overt Failures Covert Failures

Spurious Trip Rate Dangerous failure Rate
𝜆𝑆 = 1/𝑀𝑇𝐵𝐹𝑆𝑃 𝜆𝐷 = 1/𝑀𝑇𝐵𝐹𝐷

DC = Coverage
𝜆𝐷
Loss of production

𝜆𝑆 + 𝜆𝐷𝐷 𝜆𝐷𝐷 = 𝐷𝐶𝜆𝐷 𝜆𝐷𝑈 = (1 − 𝐷𝐶)𝜆𝐷

Trips plant unless Detectable by self Detectable by
2oo3 or 2oo2 voting diagnostics manual proof testing

𝑆𝑃 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 2(𝜆𝐷𝐷 + 𝜆𝐷𝐷) 𝑃𝐹𝐷1 = 2(𝜆𝐷𝐷 )2 + (𝑀𝑇𝑇𝑅)2 𝑃𝐹𝐷2 = ((𝜆𝐷𝐷 . Ti )2 )/3
 Single Channel SIS Fail Rates

Overt Failures Covert Failures

Spurious Trip Rate Dangerous failure Rate
𝜆𝑆 = 1/𝑀𝑇𝐵𝐹𝑆𝑃 𝜆𝐷 = 1/𝑀𝑇𝐵𝐹𝐷

DC = Coverage
𝜆𝐷
Loss of production

𝜆𝑆 + 𝜆𝐷𝐷 𝜆𝐷𝐷 = 𝐷𝐶𝜆𝐷 𝜆𝐷𝑈 = (1 − 𝐷𝐶)𝜆𝐷

Trips plant unless Detectable by self Detectable by
2oo3 or 2oo2 voting diagnostics manual proof testing

Formula set 1 Formula set 2 Formula set 3

in fig 8.6 in fig 8.6 in fig 8.6
 Multi-channel Formula Sets For PFD And 𝜆𝑆
(𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠)

Covert Failures
dangerous Failure Rate
Overt Failures 𝜆𝑆 = 1/MTBFSP
Spurious Trip Rate
𝜆𝑆 = 1/MTBFSP detectable
By Self
Diagnostics

𝜆𝐷𝐷 = DC. 𝜆𝐷 𝜆𝐷𝑈 = (1-DC) 𝜆𝐷

Voting Formula Set 1 Formula Set 2 Formula Set 3

1oo1 𝜆𝑆 𝜆𝐷𝐷 (𝑀𝑇𝑇𝑅)2 𝜆𝐷𝑈 (Ti/2)
1oo2 2𝜆𝑆 2(𝜆𝐷𝐷 )2 (𝑀𝑇𝑇𝑅)2 ((𝜆𝐷𝑈 .Ti)2 )/3
2oo2 2(𝜆𝑆 )2 (𝑀𝑇𝑇𝑅) 2𝜆𝐷𝐷 (𝑀𝑇𝑇𝑅) 𝜆𝐷𝑈 Ti
2oo3 6(𝜆𝑆 )2 (𝑀𝑇𝑇𝑅) 6(𝜆𝐷𝐷 )2 (𝑀𝑇𝑇𝑅)2 ((𝜆𝐷𝑈 .Ti)2 )
Spurious trip rate PFD due to diagnostics (if detected but not tripped) PFD due to proof test