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Ms10mba033

Topic:

Hypothetico-
deductive method
 MEANING OF HYPOTHETICO-
DEDUCTIVE?

Hypothetico is derived from the term "hypothetical" which

means academic, contestable, contingent, disputable,
imaginary, questionable, refutable, theoretical and
unconfirmed.

Deductive means conclusion, to find a answer to a question

 STEPS

Observation
Preliminary information
gathering
Theory formulation
Hypothesis
Data collection
Data analysis
Deduction
Presentation of data
 DETERMINATION OF
RESEARCH PROBLEM

first step tend to bring researchers and decision makers

together
Decision maker find the problem that need to be corrected
Researcher then make sure that the problem is a problem are
a symptom of a big
 REDEFINE THE RESEARCH PROBEM

Once the researcher and decision maker have identified the

specific information needs, the researcher must redefined the
problem in scientific terms.in doing so 'most decision makers
use a pragmatic framework, whereas researchers feel more
comfortable using a scientific framework.

The researcher’s responsibility is to restate the initial

variable associated with the decision problem in the form of
one or more key question formats (how,what,where)
INFORMATION VITAL FOR
RESEARCH

Background information on the

organization
Structural factor ,job factor,
management factor

Perceptions, attitudes and

behavioral responses.

Literature survey

Primary or secondary data

 EXAMPLE

An organization dealing in

hardware

The management of organization(a

major hardware/lumber retailer)was
concerned about the overall image of
its retail operation as well as about its
image among known customers.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

It determined what other

task steps must be taken
We should understand
what is the main objective of
research
 THEORY FORMULATION

Theory formulation is an attempt to integrate

all the formulation in a logical manner so that
the factor responsible for the problem can be
conceptualized and tested.

VARIABLES
Dependent variable
Independent variables
Moderating variable
Intervening variable
 HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT

An educated guess is known as

"hypothesis" which means assumption,
belief, presupposition, proposal, starting
point and theorem.

Statement of hypothesis
if-then statement
e.g. If employee are more healthy then they
will take sick leave less frequently
 TYPES OF HYPOTHEIS

It is the same as we solve everyday problems but there is

only a small twist which is termed as ‘Null & Alternate
Hypothesis”. Given below is a simple example of MBA
Suppose we found one MBA who is intelligent. On this
specific basis alone, we cannot generalize that all MBAs are
intelligent. (It is not a case of natural science but social
science). We can be proved wrong just by citing an example
of one unfortunate MBA who happened to be a stupid. As
Karl pointed out "no amount of evidence assures us that
contrary evidence will not be found." He proposed that
using deduction method *general to specific), one can
falsify a statement making the alternate true like:

Null Hypothesis: No MBA is intelligent.

Alternate: All MBAs are intelligent.
We can reject Null Hypothesis by citing example of an
MBA, Omer Khan, who had scored an IQ of 120 . If null-
hypothesis is rejected or proved false, the alternate would
become true and all MBAs would be considered as
intelligent even though all may not be so. In fact, the
researcher hides his findings in the alternate hypotheses
for acceptance by simply rejecting the Null Hypotheses.
 RESEARCH DESIGNS

The research design serves as a master plan of the methods

and procedure that should be used to collect and analyze the
data needed by the decision maker.

The most appropriate research designs is a function of the

research objectives.

For research designs researcher should consider this master

plan, the researcher must consider the type of data, the design
technique(survey,observation,experiment,etc) the sampling
methodology and procedure, the schedule, the budget.
 RESEARCH DESIGNS

Although every research problem is

unique, most research objectives can
be met by using one of the three of
research designs:

exploratory
descriptive
causal
EXPLORATORY DESIGNS

An exploratory study is undertaken

when not much is known about the
situation at hand.

Example.
Focus group interview, experience
surveys and pilot study
 DESCRIPTIVE DESIGNS

It is uses a set of scientific methods and

procedures to collect raw data and
create data structure that describes the
existing characteristics(e.g. Attitudes,
intentions, preferences, purchases
behaviors evaluations of current
marketing mix strategies)of a defined
target population or market structure.
 CAUSAL DESIGNS

It is use to collect raw data and create

data structures and the information that
will allow the decision maker or
researcher to model cause and effect
relationships between two variables.e.g

Prediction of earthquake become the

cause of price fall of property
 DETERMINE THE SAMPLE PLAN
AND SAMPLE SIZE

Sample size affects data quality and generalizability.

Researchers must therefore think carefully about how
many people to include or how many objects to
investigate.
Sampling plans can be classified into two general types:
probability and nonprobability.
 SAMPLING

In a census the researcher attempts to question or observe all

the members of a defined target population.
The second procedure, which is preferred when the defined
target population is large or unknown, involves the random
selection of subgroup, or sample, from the overall membership
pool of a defined target population.
 DETERMINE THE
MEASUREMENT ISSUES AND
SCALES

Activities within this step focus on determining the dimensions

of the factors being investigated and measuring the variables that
underlie the defined problem.

It involves scaling, reliability, validity.

Scaling means rating the data

Reliability means how much data is reliable
 MEASUREMENT ISSUES AND
SCALE

What level of information is needed from a variable (nominal

ordinal, ordinals interval, interval, ratio)?
 How reliable does the information need to be?
 How valid does the information need to be?
 How does one ensure the development of reliable and valid
scale measurements?
 COLLECTION OF DATA

One is to ask questions about variables and

market phenomena using trained
interviewers or questionnaires.

The other is to observe variables and

market phenomena using professional
observers or high-tech devices.
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION

Self-administered surveys,
 personal interviews,
computer simulations,
 telephone interviews,
 and focus groups are just some
of the tools researchers can use to
collect data .
PROCESSING OF DATA

Once the primary data are

collected, the researcher must
perform several procedural
activities before doing any type
of data analysis. A coding
scheme is needed so that the raw
data can be entered into
computer files.
 ANALYSIS

Analysis procedures can vary widely in

sophistication and complexity, from simple
frequency distributions (percentages) to
sample statistics measures (e.g., mode,
median, mean, range, standard deviation, and
standard error) to multivariate data analysis
techniques.
 PREPARE AND PRESENT THE
FINAL REPORT TO MANAGEMENT

Purpose of the proposal project

Type of study
Definition of the target population and the
sample size
Sample designs, technique and data
collection
Specific research instruments
Potential managerial benefits of the total
project
Cost of project
Profile of researcher and the company
Optional dummy table of the projected
results