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Volleyball is a team sport in

which two teams of six


players are separated by a
net. Each team tries to score
points by grounding a ball on
the other team's court under
organized rules.
Brief History
Volleyball was invented by William C. Morgan
of the Young Men’s Christian Association
(YMCA) in Holyoke, Massachusetts, U.S.A.’ in
1985. At first, the ball was battled by a piece
of wood toward the opposite court. The
game was called mintonette. Because the
ball was volleyed over the net, a Halsted
suggested to change the name to volleyball.
Brief History
The YMCA agreed to the name, and that started the
game’s development. Instead of a racket, the
hands were made to volley the ball. Rules and
regulations were formulated. This effort continued
to enhance the development of volleyball.
Volleyball was introduced in the Philippines, warmly
accepted by the people, and was made a unit in
the physical education curriculum. The first
national competition was held at the Philippine
Normal College in 1924. Then the game was
included in the National Schools Sports
Competition.
Materials and
Equipment
The ball
The ball is made of rubber or a special kind of
leather. It has the following characteristics
Volleyball characteristics
Circumference Mass Internal pressure
cm (inches) grams (ounces kgf/cm² (psi)

)
Standard 65-67 260-280 (9.2- 0.3-0.325 (4.3-
indoor (25.5-26.5) 9.9) 4.6)
Youth indoor 63-65 240-260 (8.5- 0.3 (4.3)
(25-26) 9.2)
Beach 66-68 260-280 (9.2- 0.175-0.225
(26-27) 9.9) (2.5-3.2)
The Net
The net is made of strong cotton or
nylon strings. The strand is 3mm thick.
The net has a mesh of 8 cm x 8 cm .
The length is 9.50 m and the width is
1.00 m and 0.25 m on both ends. There
are two running down bands which
serve as a marker at each end on top
of the sideline. An antenna is also
attached to this band. The height of
the net for men is 2.40 m at the middle
and 2.24 for women.
The Post
The post is made of strong wood or steel
tube. The circumference is 8 cm and the
height is 2.45 m.
The Court
The court is rectangular. The sideline is 18 m
and the end line is 9 m. The court is
divided into two halves measuring 9 m
each. The front court is 3m from the net
and the back court is 6 m from the end
line. The service area is the whole stretch
of the end line. All Lines bounding the
court is 5 cm.
Terms in Volleyball
• Volleyball Game (Set)
A volleyball game or set is played to a
predetermined number of points. Games
must be won by at least 2 points. For
example, if a game is being played to 25
points, if a 24-24 tie occurs, the game isn’t
over until a team leads by 2 points.
• Volleyball Match
Matches are a made up of games. Match
play usually consists of competing until one
team wins 2 out of 3 or 3 out of 5 games.
• Playing Fault
A fault is a violation of the rules. The result of a fault is a
point. Examples of playing faults are: team hits the ball 4
times without returning it back over the net, a player
contacts the ball 2 consecutive times, a player touches
the net when blocking or attacking, a player catches and
throws the ball.
• Point
A point is the result of a rally. Points are scored in
various ways - by players committing faults, ball landing
“in”, ball landing “out”, etc.
• Volleyball Rally
A rally is the time between the serve and the end of the
play. In some volleyball terminology a rally is
synonymous with volley.
• Volley
A volley is keeping the ball in play and returning it to
your opponent without committing any playing faults.
• Rally Scoring
When a match is played with the rule of sideout
scoring, every rally results in a point being scored,
either by the team serving or the team receiving.
• Side Out
When the receiving team wins the rally it is called a
side out. The receiving team then must rotate
positions. Now they are the serving team.
• Sideout Scoring
When a match is played with sideout scoring, a point
is only scored by the team that is currently serving.
Coaching Terms - Volleyball
• Volleyball Coach
A coach is the person in charge of a team. Coaches
make all the big decisions for the team – submitting
the line up, calling time-outs, communicating with
referees, etc.
• Volleyball Referee
The referee is the person controlling the flow of the
match. Organized volleyball is played with two
volleyball referees controlling the match.
• Overlap
An overlap occurs when players are out of alignment.
Players must be in corrent position on the court
when the server is contacting the ball to serve.
• Out of Alignment
A team may be whistled for out of alignment, if they are
out of rotation order at the moment of service contact.
• Screening
Screening is the illegal placement of players in order to
prevent the opposition from seeing the ball or server.
Screens take place during the serve. Usually a team is
warned if there is a possible infraction, but a warning isn’t
required. It’s very unusual for a team to be penalized for a
screen.
• Substitution
Depending on the rules of play, players may be substituted
in and out of the game.
• Time-out
A time out is break in action. Most rules allow for a team to
call two timeouts per game (or set).
Player Actions - Volleyball
• Volleyball Hit
Also called an attack, a hit is when you jump and
strike the ball with an overhand arm swing.
• Volleyball Spiker
A volleyball hitter is sometimes called a volleyball
spiker or attacker. The volleyball spike is one of
the most fun and athletic plays in volleyball.
• Volleyball Set
A set is when a player tries to place the ball near
the net to assist a spiker in killing the ball.
Setting a volleyball is a skill that must be
practiced with many repetitions.
• Kill
A kill is a successful hit by an attacker that results in a
point for the attacking team. Kills are executed by hitting
the ball off a block or down onto the opponents floor.
• Volleyball Dig
Volleyball terminology for a dig is defined as passing a
spiked or hard hit ball. Defensive players are often call
diggers.
• Volleyball Bump Pass
A volleyball bump is done by joining your forearms
together to pass a ball. It’s most common to
volleyball pass the ball when it's coming from the other
side of the net. However, some passers may decide to
play the ball overhead instead of bump passing.
• Overhead Pass
An overhead pass is usually taken with the
fingers, up overhead. Taking the ball up
overhead with the hands is usually easier to
control than passing with the forearms.
• Block
A block is a combination of one, two or three
players jumping up with the hands and arms
reaching up above the net in front of the
opposing spiker. The purpose of the block is
to prevent the opponents from hitting the
ball into your court.
Fundamental Skills
Service
1. Service is the opening skill in the game. The served
ball may be intercepted and returned to the team.
But an ace is a killing stroke that cannot be
intercepted, giving outright one point to the serving
team.

There are two basic types of serves.


1. Overhand
2. Underhand
Overhand
a serve where the player will throw the ball in the
air first, then hit it.
Underhand
a serve where the server will hold the ball
and swing their other arm underneath the
ball to hit it
Passing
Tossing is passing the ball by means of the
fleshly parts of the fingers and using a wrist
action. Flip the ball head high or overhead.
Both hands are used in this kind of pass.
Toss the ball with fingers of the hands and
wrist action.
Forearm Passing
Tossing is passing the ball by means of the
fleshly parts of the fingers and using a wrist
action. Flip the ball head high or overhead.
Both hands are used in this kind of pass.
Toss the ball with fingers of the hands and
wrist action.
One-arm Pass or Emergency Pass
Tossing is passing the ball by means of the
fleshly parts of the fingers and using a
wrist action. Flip the ball head high or
overhead. Both hands are used in this
kind of pass. Toss the ball with fingers of
the hands and wrist action.
Spiking
Spiking is an attack skills. The ball is driven
hard to kill it to the opponent’s court.
Blocking
Blocking is a defense movement. The ball is
blocked to cause return to the court of the
opponent. Timely raise two hands close to
each other with extended fingers on the
side of the net where the ball may pass.
Blocking must be firm.
Rules in Volleyball
Volleyball is played by two teams of six
players each. The players are numbered 1-
6. One libero is assigned. He/she shall
substitute any player at any time the ball id
dead. He/ she is assigned by the coach. The
players are posted in the court as shown in
the illustration
5 4 2 1

6 3 3 6

1 2 4 5
Player number 1 shall do the first service. He/
she will continue to do the service as long
as he/she makes a score.

When the ball is awarded to the opponent, its


team shall execute a clockwise movement.
Each player shall transfer to the next post
and the number 1 player shall do the
service. Everytime there is a change of
service, each team shall execute the
clockwise rotation.
The Play
While playing, each team shall have a
maximum of three touches, except when a
touch is made to block a spiked ball. The
said touch is not counted. A player is not
allowed to have two consecutive touches.
SCORING
a) Rally scoring will be used.
b) There will be a point scored on every score of
the ball.
c) Offense will score on a defense miss or out of
bounds hit.
d) Defense will score on an offensive miss, out
of bounds hit, or serve into the net.
e) Game will be played to 25 pts.
f) Must win by 2 points.
Time-out
Each team has two 30-second time-out each
set.
Substitution
Each player may be substituted. However, the
substituted player cannot reenter the game
except in the succeeding set.
The Libero
The libero can change any player of his/her
team anytime when the ball is dead.
However, he/she cannot spike and block
the ball in the front court. He/she can
block, set, or smash the ball at the back
court only.
Violations
(A) Stepping on or over the line on a serve.
(B) Failure to serve the ball over the net
successfully.
(C) Hitting the ball illegally ( Carrying, Palming,
Throwing, etc. ).
(D) Touches of the net with any part of the body
while the ball is in play. If the ball is driven into
the net with such force that it causes the net
to contact an opposing player, no foul will be
called, and the ball shall continue to be in play.
Violations
(E) Reaching over the net, except under these
conditions:
1 - When executing a follow-through.
2 - When blocking a ball which is in the opponents court
but is being returned ( the blocker must not contact the
ball until after the opponent who is attempting to return
the ball makes contact). Except to block the third play.
(F) Reaches under the net ( if it interferes with
the ball or opposing player ).
(G) Failure to serve in the correct order.
(H) Blocks or spikes from a position which is
clearly not behind the 10-foot line while in a
back row position.
Officiating
Volleyball
Volleyball officials that make up the officiating crew are first referee,
second referee, scorekeeper, assistant scorer, and line judges.
The first referee is in charge from the beginning of the match until
the end.
The first referee has authority over all other members of the
officiating crew.
The first referee should talk to all the officiating crew members
before the match starts, going over any questions officials might
have about their responsibilities.

The first referee should have a talk with the second referee before
the match starts discussing issues such as pre-match protocol and
anything that will help the match run more smoothly.
The second referee should establish a rapport with the scorekeeper
and libero tracker. If the scorer and libero tracker have a problem
or don’t understand something, they should be comfortable
enough to ask the second referee for help.
First Official (R1 or up referee)
The first referee is the official that stands on the referee
stand (raised platform) positioned at on the side of the
court across from the team benches. It is the first
referee that starts play by whistling and signaling
(beckoning) the server to serve the ball.
The first referee is the official in charge. If they feel it’s
necessary to do so, the first referee has the authority to
overrule any of the other officials (second referee,
scorekeeper, libero tracker, or line judges).
Also, the first referee may have officials replaced if it is
needed. The volleyball referees should discuss before
the match on what the second referee needs to signal
to the first referee (illegal ball handling, illegal back row
and blocks and attacks, etc.).
THE FIRST REFEREE...
• Whistle any violations It is the first referees
responsibility to whistle any and all violations they
see. If possible, the second referee should whistle net
violations, centerline violations, serve receive position
faults, and serving order violations. If the second
official doesn’t catch these violations, the first referee
has the authority to make the call.
• Whistle player mishandling the ball Only the first
referee has the authority to whistle ball handling
(lifts, double contacts, 4 hits, etc.). If appropriate, the
second referee may discretely signal ball handling to
the first referee.
• Giving Sanctions Only the first referee has the
authority to issue sanctions to players, coaches, etc.
Second Official (R2 or down referee)
• The second referee is concerned with matters
such as keeping time, assisting the first referee
in making calls, administering substitutions,
and verbally communicating with team
coaches.
• The second referee also needs to communicate
effectively with the scorekeeper. The second
referee should overlook the scorekeeper with
recording subs, timeouts, etc. The second
referee should help the scorekeeper and libero
tracker with any questions or issues that come
up.
The second referee (or umpire) stands on the ground
on the opposite side of the court from the first
referee. The second referee should position
themselves so they can effectively transition from
one side of the net to the other when the ball is in
play.
The second referees main responsibility is to manage
the court, that is, communicate effectively with
players and coaches at the team bench area, the
work crew at the scores table, the line judges, and
first referee. The second referee should assist the
first referee (hand signaling the first referee or
blowing the whistle to make calls) in order for the
match to run as smoothly as possible.
THE SECOND REFEREE...
Watch teams for overlaps during the serve Watch the
receiving team at the moment the ball is served for
overlaps.
Switching sides of the net The second referee switches
positions one side of the net to the other during the
match, always staying on the side opposite the ball.
Handles substitutions The second referee administers subs,
making sure the subs are recorded properly on the
scoresheet. When the scorekeeper has finished recording
the subs, a hand signal is given to the first referee signaling
play is ready.
Handles time outs When a coach or team captain calls time
out, the second referee should blow the whistle and signal
time out. The second referee times the time outs, whistles
at the end of time, and signals how many time outs have
been taken by each team.
Scorekeeper
The scorekeeper’s main job is to make sure the
score is correct at all times. The scorekeeper
uses a score sheet to keep track of the game.
If there is a difference between the score on the
score sheet and the visual score (flip score,
electronic scoreboard, etc.) the visual score
should be changed to match the score on the
scoresheet unless the mistake on the
scoresheet can be determined and corrected.
One of the volleyball referees should check the
accuracy of the scoresheet at the end of each
set.
Pre-match,
Before the match starts, the scorekeeper should fill in
the pre-match info – team names, starting line ups, etc.

During the match,


Records points when they are scored

Watches the servers and indicates immediately to the


referees when a server has served out of order. It's also
good preventive officiating to watch teams
volleyball rotation in case assistance is needed for the
second referee to determine the correct team
alignment.
 
Records player substitutions and team timeouts
 Records any sanctions
 Records all other events as instructed by the referees

Records the final result of the set . In the case of a


protest, after the first referee gives authorization, the
scorekeeper lets the game captain write a statement for
protest on the scoresheet.
 
After the match,
Records the final result of the match
 Signs the scoresheet
Assistant Scorer
The assistant scorer (or libero tracker) sits at the
scorer’s table next to the scorekeeper.
The assistant scorer’s main function is to record
libero replacements on to a libero tracking sheet.

THE ASSISTANT SCORER…


Notifies any fault with libero replacements

Operates the manual scoreboard on the scorer’s


table
 

Checks the score on the scoreboard with the score on


the scoresheet
Line Judges
• If only two line judges are used, they stand at the
corner of the endline that is closest to the right hand
of each referee, diagonally from the corner.
• The line judges watch the endline and sideline of
their respective corners.
• For FIVB and Official Competitions, four line judges
are used. Each line judge stands in the free zone 1 to
3 meters, lined up with the imaginary extension of
their respective line.
• Line judge’s main responsibility is to make signals to
help out the referees in making judgment calls.
• Line judges may be instructed to use flags to make
the signals.
THE LINE JUDGES SIGNAL…
Ball “in” and “out” whenever the ball lands
near the lines
 Touches of “out” balls by players receiving the
ball
Ball touching the antennae
A served ball crossing the net outside the
crossing space (the space between the
antennae’s)
Any player standing off the court at the
moment of service
Server foot faults

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