TWO-SAMPLE T-TEST

Test of means for two

samples when
combined sample
sizes is small and
variances are
unknown but equal
BASICS

 HYPOTHESES
 
  12
 1=  2

1>2

1<2
BASICS

 CRITICAL VALUES/REJECTION REGION

– FROM THE T-DISTRIBUTION TABLE

 Tail depends on alpha and H1

 Degrees of freedom: df = n1 + n2 - 2
12 t > t/2 or t < -t/2

1>2 t > t

1<2 t < -t

BASICS
 
 TEST STATISTIC
x1  x 2  ( 1   2 )
t
1 1
Sp 
n1 n 2

(n1  1) s  (n2  1) s
2 2
Sp  1 2

n1  n2  2
Example 2:

A random sample of 15 brand C softdrinks showed a

mean content of 237 ml with standard deviation of
2.93 ml while a sample of 10 brand P softdrinks
showed a mean of 240 ml with a standard deviation
of 3.12 ml. Using .05 level, is there a difference in
the mean content of the two brands of softdrinks?
Brand C Brand P
 Mean = 237 ml Do they Differ?  Mean = 240 ml
 s = 2.93 ml  s = 3.12 ml
 n = 15  n = 10
HYPOTHESES

Ho:  1=  2 The average H1: 1   2 The average

content of brand C
softdrinks does not differ
significantly from the
average content of brand P
softdrinks.
content of brand C
softdrinks differs
significantly from the
average content of brand P
softdrinks.

They have They

the same don’t have
amount the same
amount!
CRITICAL VALUES/REJECTION
REGION

 Test is two-tailed
  is divided into two
 Degree of freedom
df = n1+ n2 – 2
.025 .025 = 15 + 10 – 2
-tcritical 0 tcritical
= 23
CRITICAL VALUES/REJECTION
REGION

 Critical values:
t = ± 2.069
 Rejection Region: t
> 2.069 or
t < -2.069
-2.069 0 2.069
 TEST STATISTIC: Find Sp first

Brand C
(n1  1) s  (n2  1) s
2 2
 Mean = 237 ml Sp  1 2
 s = 2.93 ml n1  n2  2
 n = 15

Brand P (14)(2.93) 2  (9)(3.12) 2

 Mean = 240 ml Sp 
 s = 3.12 ml
23
 n = 10
S p  3.01
 TEST STATISTIC: Solve for t

Brand C  
 Mean = 237 ml x1  x 2  (1   2 )
t
 s = 2.93 ml 1 1
 n = 15 Sp 
n1 n 2

Brand P
(237  240)  0
 Mean = 240 ml
t  2.44
 s = 3.12 ml
1 1
 n = 10 3.01 
15 10
-2.44 is less than 2.069

Reject Reject

0
-2.44 -2.069 2.069
CONCLUSION

Reject Ho. The data provides enough evidence to show

that the average content of brand C differs
significantly with the average content of Brand P
softdrinks.
 
We have enough reason to believe that brand C has
less content than brand P.
Example 1:

A study is conducted among female Chinese Olympic

swimmers and those of female American Olympic
swimmers in terms of the circumference of the upper
arm, in centimeters, while relaxed. Test the
hypothesis that Chinese swimmers have larger upper
arms than American swimmers at .01 level.
data
CHINESE AMERICAN

N = 10 N = 11

MEAN = 26.3 cm Bigger? MEAN = 24.8 cm

S = 1.8 cm S = 1.6 cm
HYPOTHESES

Ho:  1=  2 The average H1:  1 >  2 The average

circumference of Chinese circumference of Chinese
swimmers does not differ swimmers is significantly
significantly from the greater than the average
average circumference of circumference of American
American swimmers swimmers
CRITICAL VALUES/REJECTION
REGION
 Test is one-tailed
  is retained
 Degree of freedom
df = n1+ n2 – 2
= 10 + 11 – 2
= 19
T table gives 2.539

0 ?
CRITICAL VALUES/REJECTION
REGION

 Critical value:
t = 2.539
 Rejection Region:
t > 2.539

0 2.539
TEST STATISTIC: Find Sp first

Chinese
 Mean = 26.3 (n1  1) s  (n2  1) s
2 2
Sp  1 2
 s = 1.8 n1  n2  2
 n = 10
(10  1)(1.8) 2  (11  1)(1.6) 2
American Sp 
 Mean = 24.8 10  11  2
 s = 1.6
 n =11
S p  1.483
TEST STATISTIC: Solve for t

Chinese  
 Mean = 26.3 x1  x 2  (1   2 )
t
 s = 1.8 1 1
 n = 10 Sp 
n1 n 2

American
(26.3  24.8)  0
 Mean = 24.8 t  2.019
 s = 1.6 1 1
 n =11 1.483 
10 11
 Reject

2.019 2.539
CONCLUSION

Do Not Reject Ho. The data does not provide

enough evidence to show that the average
circumference of Chinese swimmers is
significantly greater than the average
circumference of American swimmer
Estimating 1 – 2

1 1
1   2  ( x1  x2 )  t / 2 s p 
n1 n2
Example:

The following data shows the sales of rice bowls by two

adjacent stores in XU Canteen:

Booth 1: 103 94 110 87 98

Booth 2: 97 82 123 92 175 88 118

Compute for a 95% confidence interval for the difference

of their mean sales.
Microsoft Excel Output
  g1 g2

Mean 98.400 110.714

Variance 76.300 1035.905
Observations 5.000 7.000
Pooled Variance 652.063
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0.000
df 10.000
t Stat -0.824
t Critical one-tail 1.812
t Critical two-tail 2.228  
Your Assignment:

Work by Pairs:

From your electricity consumption/expenditures:

compare your home’s EC/E with that of a
friend’s/classmate’s.
Your Assignment:

From your electricity consumption/expenditures:

compare your home’s EC/E with that of a
friend’s/classmate’s.
1) Create a 95% confidence interval on the
difference of mean consumption
2) Create a 95% confidence interval on the
difference of mean expenditures
Requirement:

 Photocopy all billing statements for each

member and insert it with your
solutions/findings in your designated folder
– Each billing statement must be marked by the name
of the student researcher (you who obtained the
statement)
 Short bond paper
Main Entries

 Cover page – Names, Section, Date of

Submission
 Raw Data
 Summary Statistics
 Interval Estimates
 Interpretation