Waste Management Planning and

Disposal
 Main Objectives
To provide guidance Awareness about WM activities.
• To provide knowledge, skills and tools for planning
waste management activities in a systematic manner.
• To assist to practice waste disposal methods which
minimize the impact on the environment and society,
and to monitor and manage the workforce engaged in
waste management.
• To assist to ensure a satisfactory level of waste
management that meets the needs and demands.
Protect human health & the environment and to
eliminate the generation of hazardous waste.
Meet or exceed compliance with Law
Learn about Hazardous Waste Reduction to minimize
waste generation in the workplace
 What are Wastes
Base Convention Definition of Wastes:
“Substances or object which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of
or are required to be disposed of by the provision of law”
Disposal means :
“ any operation which may lead to resource recovery , recycling, reclamation,
direct re use or alternative uses
 Classification of Wastes
according to their Properties:
Bio Degradable Wastes: Can be degraded(Paper , wood ,
fruits and others
Non Biodegradable wastes: Can not be degraded(Plastics
,Old machines, Canes ,Styrofoam containers)
Classification of Wastes according
to effect on Human Health
 Hazardous Wastes: Substances unsafe to use
commercially ,industrially ,agriculturally or economically
that are shipped, transported to or brought from country or
origin for dumping or disposal
 Non Hazardous wastes: Substances safe to use
commercially ,industrially ,agriculturally or economically
that are shipped, transported to or brought from country or
origin for dumping or disposal
Waste Management Planning and
Disposal
Current Situation/Common Practices in Society
Littering
Disposal of mixed waste
No efforts for waste reduction
No value of waste
Scavenging
Waste Management Planning and
Disposal
Challenges….
Weaknesses in the existing legislations.
No proper separation of waste at points of
generation.
Minor separation of recyclable materials from
waste stream, recycling and resource recovery
are done on a small scale.
No treatment of the organic portion in the
waste stream.
Long distances to some landfills and thus high
cost of transport.
Limited participation of private sector
Waste Management Planning and
Disposal
Challenges (cont.)……..
Unorganized landfill practices, methods and area
efficient use.
Lack of heavy machinery in some landfill sites.
Absence of weigh bridges on the entrances of
landfill sites to weigh the collection vehicles in
order to know the exact amounts of waste
entering the sites.
Improper and unorganized separation of
recyclable materials is done in unsanitary
conditions and influencing land filling practices.
Waste Management Planning and
Disposal
Recommendations:
 Developing solid waste management
legislations
 Awareness among general public with regard
to waste handling, reduction and treatment.
 Training of staff for Joint Services Councils,
municipalities and Ministry of Environment.
 Treatment of organic waste (food waste &
animal waste)
Waste Management Planning and
Disposal
Recommendations (cont.)……..
Land filling should be practiced where large
amounts of waste are dumped ensuring
exploitable amounts of biogas.
Composting should be practiced with less
amounts of waste and where biogas generated is
not enough to be economically feasible.
Encourage private sector to invest in the field of
solid waste management for better waste
collection, recycling and treatment.
 Business Definition of Waste
“Anything other than the minimum amount
of materials, parts, space, equipment and
worker’s time which are absolutely
essential to add value to the product.”

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 Waste Reduction Plan

 Source reduction is the preferred option

including, Chemical Substitution,
Reformulation and Process redesign.
 Waste reduction through reuse, recovery
or recycling is less preferred.
 Treatment & thermal destruction not
acceptable after 1993
 Land disposal not acceptable after 1991

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 Evaluate Each Stream for:
 Substitution of non toxic materials
 Substitution of less toxic materials
 Reformulation to eliminate toxics
 Modification of production process
 Changes in material usage
 inventory control
 preventive maintenance program

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Waste Reduction Plan must include:
 Identification of types & amounts of
waste.
 Description of the process that
generates it.
 Amount of waste generated per unit of
production.
 Estimate of costs for managing waste.
 List of technically feasible measures.

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Waste Reduction Plan must include:
 Estimate of anticipated waste reduction
achievable using technically feasible
measures.
 Implementation schedule.
 Research & Development programs
 Estimate of waste transferred to other
media.
 Facility Waste Reduction Policies.
 Description of Training Program.
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 Benefits of Waste Reduction
 Reduced waste disposal costs.
 Reduced environmental compliance
costs.
 Increased environmental awareness by
employees.
 Reduced overhead costs.
 Reduced exposure to future liabilities.
 Enhanced professional image.
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 Life Cycle of Waste Reduction
Assess
Assess
Options::
Options::

Identify
Identify Implement
Implement
Options:
Options: Options:
Options:

Investigate
Investigate
Opportunities
Opportunities Sustain
Sustain &&Expand
Expand
Waste
WasteReduction
Reduction
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 Waste Minimization
SUNY at Stony Brook is committed to
Waste Minimization*
The reduction of hazardous waste that is

generated using the following methods:

Source reduction
Reuse
Recycling

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 Waste Minimization
Source Reduction
Substitute non-hazardous or less toxic
chemicals for hazardous.
Use smaller quantities in your process.
Use “micro glassware”

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 Waste Minimization
Source Reduction - Substitution.
Original Material Substitute Material
Formaldehyde - Formalin solution
Halogenated - Non-halogenated
Sodium dichromate - Sodium
hypochlorite
Xylene or toluene - Alcohols or
ketones
Solvent in - Non-solvent based
Scintillation vials scintillation vials 20
 Waste Minimization
Source Reduction - Purchasing
Limit the amount you order.
Do not stockpile chemicals.
Rotate stocks to use chemicals before
shelf-life expires.
Keep up-to-date inventories and avoid
ordering chemicals you already have.

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 Waste Minimization
Source Reduction - Purchasing
Do not accept excess chemicals from
other institutions or “free” chemicals from
outside the University.
Investigate use of pre weighed or micro-
scale, pre-weighed packages from
chemical vendors.

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 Waste Minimization
Reuse
Do not dispose of chemicals that can be
reused. If a colleague can not use it, give
material to the EH&S Surplus Chemical
Exchange Program. Call EH&S @ 2-6410

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 Waste Minimization
Recycling
If you generate waste solvent that could be
redistilled and recycled. i.e. xylene recycler
in Pathology. Consider the purchase of a
solvent recycler. Call EH&S

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 Waste Minimization
Reclamation
If your waste contains precious metals
your waste stream may be a valuable
byproduct. i.e. Silver recovery systems.
Consider installation of reclaimed. Call
EH&S.

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 Waste Minimization
Reclamation - off-site
Wastes can be sent to a commercial
recycling facility. i.e.
lead-acid batteries
fluorescent lamps
used oil
waste mercury
Safety-Kleen solvent

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 Waste Minimization
Treatment
Elementary neutralization (pH adjustment) is
allowed to reduce the toxicity of a chemical.
Resin Regeneration
Ethidium Bromide Neutralization
Gluteraldehyde Neutralization
Ethyl Oxide Neutralization

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 Waste Minimization
Treatment
Detoxification of end-products by a Principle
Investigator, if feasible, is preferred to
sending waste off-site for disposal.

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 Waste Minimization
Mixed Wastes
It is much easier to dispose of individual
wastes streams.
Do not mix wastes i.e. radioactive,
hazardous, nonhazardous or RMW.
Do not mix halogenated with non-
halogenated solvents.
Do not mix solvents with aqueous waste.

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 Waste Minimization
Multimedia Pollution.
Do not transfer waste from one media to
another. Such as:
Evaporating waste solvent in a hood
transfers waste to the air.
Washing solid waste down the drain
transfers waste to water.

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 Waste Minimization

Waste Minimization is Pollution Prevention

Pollution Prevention helps everyone’s bottom
line and
Helps protect the environment

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 Expected Results
Waste valorization

Increase in useful Reduction in greenhouse

life of solid waste gases

Decreased soil and Waste Decrease in public

water polluction Prevention & health risks
Management
Program

Energy Soil improvers

Declining use of virgin

materials to manufacture
goods
 WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANNING
The planning process is a systematic method of:
Recognizing the areas to be changed and improved in the present
system.
 Collecting and analyzing data about the present status.
 Suggesting actions to overcome/improve the existing situation.
Evolving a suitable strategy for implementation with respect to a
timeframe.
Implementing the proposed plan.
Evaluating the actions taken in the light of their success or failure
in achieving objectives, and if necessary,
modifying the plan to meet changing conditions.
Why Need a Waste Management Plan
Available resources.
 Staff, equipment and facility utilization.
 Environmental protection.
An effective and efficient management system.
Why Need a Waste Management Planning
Available resources.
 Staff, equipment and facility utilization.
 Environmental protection.
An effective and efficient management system.
 Benefits of Waste Management Planning
Comprehensive strategies to deliver an efficient and cost
effective WM system.
• Well-identified alternatives and preferred solutions to
community needs with regards to WM.
• Well-identified approaches that improve the health and
sanitation conditions of the area.
• Help to utilize the available resources more efficiently.
• Help to implement the 3R system (Reduce, Reuse,
Recycle) more effectively and thereby reduce the
quantities of
waste needing collection, transport and disposal.
 Waste Management Planning
Waste Generation
It is important to have the waste generation information
amounts and composition collected, as this will have a
major
impact on the planning process. Information that needs to
Source of Generation
• Residential.
• Commercial.
• Industrial.
• Hospital.
• Institutional.
• Waterways - rainwater drains.
• Construction waste.
 Waste Management Planning

Composition of Waste:
Physical characteristics (% by weight or volume). Paper,
plastics, metal, glass, organic matter, rubber, coconut shells
etc.
Chemical characteristics. Moisture content, bulk density,
calorific value, pH value, organic carbon Ratio etc.
Heavy metals content.
 Waste Management Planning

Staff Position in WM Department

• Number of sanitation workers deployed for collection of
waste.
• Number of sanitation workers deployed for
transportation of waste (loading).
• Ward-wise allocation of sanitation worker
Sweeper/Population ratio in each ward.
• Sweeper/Road length ratio in each ward.
• Sweeper/Supervisor ratio in each ward.
 Waste Management Planning

Waste Storage Facilities

• Number of sites designated/notified as temporary
collection points (dustbins, open collection points, skips).
• Type and size of each of the above in each ward.
• Ward-wise average amount of waste generated each day.
 Waste Management Planning

Solid Waste Transportation

• Number of vehicles available within the local body for the
transportation of waste, their type, size and age.
• Number of trips made by each vehicle in one shift.
• Number of vehicles used in first trip, second trip, third
trip, etc.
• Quantity of solid waste transported in each shift.
• Quantity of solid waste transported by each vehicle.
• Total quantity of solid waste transported each day..
 Waste Management Planning
Waste Processing and Disposal
• Number of solid waste processing and disposal sites in
the city.
• Number of solid waste recycling centers.
• Quantities of recycled products.
• Distances from the centre in the built-up area, to the
disposal sites.
• The area of these sites.
• The quantity of waste treated/disposed of at each
site/day.
• The expected life of each land filled site.
 Waste Management Planning
Financial Aspects
Operational costs for each item shall be collected
separately.
• Cost for collection/ton or volume.
• Cost of transportation/ton or volume.
• Cost of disposal/ton or volume.
• Allocation of revenue and capital budget for WM annual
budgets.
 Waste Management Planning
Primary Collection
Collection is the first and prime activity in SWM. For planning
and designing an effective, sustainable, cost effective
and efficient primary collection system, the following
information will need to be determined and forecast for the
planning period for each Ward of the LA.
Population and Composition of Waste
• Present and future growth of population.
• Solid waste generation per capita/day.
• Quantity of solid waste generated per day.
• Area to be covered.
• Population density.
• Physical characteristics.
• Chemical characteristics..
 Waste Management Planning
Primary Collection
Collection is the first and prime activity in SWM. For planning
and designing an effective, sustainable, cost effective
and efficient primary collection system, the following
information will need to be determined and forecast for the
planning period for each Ward of the LA.
Population and Composition of Waste
• Present and future growth of population.
• Solid waste generation per capita/day.
• Quantity of solid waste generated per day.
• Area to be covered.
• Population density.
• Physical characteristics.
• Chemical characteristics..
 Waste Management Planning
Monitoring of Primary Collection Services
Individual sections of the SWM department may collect,
compile and analyze data to monitor daily, weekly and
monthly SWM activities, with the aim of providing effective
management services.
Reports to be sent daily by SW supervisors to the person
responsible for SWM:
a. Quantity of waste collection.
b. Inspection reports by supervisors on street sweeping and
primary collection.
c. Inspection of solid waste storage sites.
d. Inspection of silt removal sites and building waste disposal
sites.
e. Recovery of additional cleaning charges, if any.
 Waste Management Planning
Secondary Collection
Transfer Stations
The second activity in SWM service is the transfer of waste to a
larger transport vehicle, prior to dumping at the
disposal site. The method and data requirements to design and
establish an ideal transfer station is given below:
• Location • Area
• Capacity • Type of transfer station
• Mode of unloading • Types of vehicles
• Sources of collection • Reception facility
• Weighing bridge • Sanitation impact aspects
• Segregation facility • Rainwater drain facility
• Public resistance
 Waste Management Planning
Transportation
Secondary collection (transportation) plays a vital role in SWM
services. To enable designing a cost effective and
efficient secondary collection system to synchronize with the
operation of primary collection and transfer system,
information that needs to be collected is given below:
a. Transportation of waste
b. Quantities of waste transported
c. Record of trips made by vehicles to disposal sites
d. Route Schedule
e. Machinery
f. Manpower
g. Monitoring of vehicles/machinery
h. Workshop performance: monthly statement
 Waste Management Planning
Disposal of Solid Waste
Processing/Treatment
To plan an effective solid waste processing technique, the
following areas need to be considered and evaluated for
applicability in the local situation.
1. Physical Conversion - Refuse Derived Fuel Pellets
Refuse Derived Fuel - Power Generation
Refuse derived fuel refers to solid waste that is processed to
serve as fuel for boilers producing steam or electricity.
2. Thermal conversion or energy recovery – Incineration and
Gasification Thermal processing of solid
waste can be defined as the conversion of solid waste into
gaseous, liquid and solid conversion products, with
the concurrent or subsequent release of heat energy.
Gasification
 Waste Management Planning
Disposal of Solid Waste
Benefits of Biogas Production
• The cost of energy generation is reduced through the use of
a low-cost renewable source.
• It is an effective waste treatment method.
• The sludge by-product is used as a soil fertilizer.
• Environmental problems associated with waste dumping are
avoided.
• Less fossil fuel is consumed. Gasification is the partial
combustion of solid waste in the presence
 Waste Management Planning
Disposal of Solid Waste
Composting of organic waste occurs in three stages.
a) Preparation of Waste for composting
• Screening of waste to remove non-suitable materials.
• Shredding.
• Other conditions necessary for the decomposition of organic
waste
Waste Management Planning
Sanitary Land Filling
Site Topography, Location and Land Use
Ownership
Extent
Habitation
Access
Hydrology - Ground Water Level
Lifetime of the Site
Methane Protection
Personnel and Training
Information on trained staff
Machinery
Monitoring - Operation and Maintenance
Public Resistance
 Waste Management Planning

Operation of Landfill Pollution Prevention, Final Closure

Pollution Prevention
Final Closure of the Site
Operation After Closure
Landfill Monitoring System
.
 Waste Management Planning

Environmental Impact Assessment

The programmers of an integrated SWM plan will have an
impact on a community in three ways.
1. Through the changes to the natural environment.
2. Through involvement of the human environment.
3. Through a re-ordering of the community’s socio economic
structure.
 ea s e
o u P l
a nk y
Th
Hazardous Waste Management Program

TEST -
Which of the following is an example of
Question
reducing Hazardous Waste at the source?
A) Limit the amount you order.
B) Do not stockpile chemicals.
C) Rotate stocks to use chemicals before
shelf-life expires.
D) Keep up-to-date inventories and avoid
ordering chemicals you already have.
E) All of the above
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Hazardous Waste Management Program

TEST -
The Correct Answer is:
Answer
A) Limit the amount you order.
B) Do not stockpile chemicals.
C) Rotate stocks to use chemicals before
shelf-life expires.
D) Keep up-to-date inventories and avoid
ordering chemicals you already have.
E) All of the above
E) All of the above.
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