CELL

BY :- AAKASH GHATGE
 Introduction Of Cell

 Cell Were Discovered By The English Scientist Dr. Robert Hook In

1655

 All Living Things Are Made From One Or More Cell

 A Cell Is The Simplest Unit Of Life & They Are Responsible For

Keepping An Organism Alive And & Functioning

Definition

“Cell Is The Smallest Structural & Function Unit Of The Body

 Types Of Cell
There Two Types Of Cell
1-Prokaryotics 2-Eukaryotics
Prokaryotics Eukaryotics

1- Size Of Cell Is Small 1- Size O Cell Is Large

2- Nucleus Is Absent 2- Nucleus Is Present

3-It Contains Single 3- It Contains More Than One

Chromosomes Chromosomes

4-Nucleolus Is Absent 4-Nucleolus Is Present

5- Cell Division By Binary Fusion 5-Cell Division By Mitosis & Miosis

6- eg- Fungi,Plants,Protist 6- eg-Bacteria, Archaea

Structure Of The Cell
It Is Divided Into Three Part

1. Cell Membrane Or Plasma Membrane

2. CytoPlasm

3. Nucleus

A] Cell Membrane /Plasma

Membrane
 The Cell Membrane Is Protective Sheath ,Enveloping The Cell Body
 It Is Also Known As Plasma Membrane
 This Membrane Separtes The Fluid Outside The Cell.Ie[ecf]
& The Fluid Inside The Cell Ie[icf]
 It Is A Semipermeable Membrane
 Composition Of Cell Membrane

A. Protien-[55%]

B. Lipids –[40%]

C. Carbohydrates –[5%]
 Structure Of The Cell Membrane

On The Basis Of Structure , The Cell Membrane Is

Called As Three Layer Membrane
In This, The Central Layer Is A Lipid Layer Formed By
Lipid Substances
The Outer Two Layers Are Protien Layers Formed By
Protien
 Functions of cell membrane

1] Protective Function :-

The Cell Membrane Protects The Cytoplasm And Organells Present In

The Cytoplasm.

2] Selective Permeability :-

The Cell Membrane Acts As A Semipermeable Membrane Which Allows Only Some

Substance To Pass Through It And Acts As A Barrier For Other Substance

3] Absorptive Function :-

The Nutrients Are Absorbed Into Thre Cell Through The Cell Membrane

4] Excretory Function :-

The Waste Products From Cell Are Excreted Through The Cell Membrane
 B] Cytoplasm

 It Is A Jelly Like Material Formed 80% Of Water

 It Contains A Clear Liquid Portion Called Cytosol

 It Also Contains Some Particles Such As Protien ,Carbohydrates,

Lipids.

 It Also Contains Many organelles With Distinct Structure And

Function.
ORGANELLES
IN
CYTOPLASM
 I] Endoplasmic Reticulam

Endoplasmic Reticulam Is Made Up Of

Tubules & Microsomal Vesicles

Types Of Endoplasmic Reticulam

There Are Two Types Of ER

1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulam

2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulam

1] R E R :-

- It Is In Vesicular Or Tubular In Structure

- It Has Rough Appearance So That’s Why It Is

Called As Rough Endoplasmic Reticulam

Function :-

 
2] S E R :-

-It Is Also Called As Agranular Endoplasmic Reticulam

-It Has Smooth Appearance So That’s Why It Is Called As

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulam

Function :-

1] Synthesis Of Non Protien Substance :-

-It Is Responsible For Synthesis Of Non Protien Substance
Such As Cholesterol And Steroid.
2]storage And Metabolism Of Calcium :-
-It Helps In Storage And Metabolism Of Calcium Which Is
Important To Trigger The Muscle Construction
II] Golgi Apparatus

 Golgi Apparatus Is Also Called As Golgi Body Or Golgi

Complex.

 It Is Present In All Cells Except Red Blood Cells.

 It Consists Of Stacks Of Closely Folded Flattened

Membranous Sacs Is Called As Cisternae.

 The Protiens Moves From The Endoplasmic Reticulam To The

Golgi Apparatus . Where They Are ‘’Packaged’’ In To

Membrane-bound Vesicles Called Secretory Graules.

 III] Mitochondria :-

 It Is Also Called As ‘’Power House’’ Of The Cell.

 It Is A Rod Shaped Or Oval Shaped.

 It Is Covered By A Bilayered Membrane.

 The Outer Membrane Is Smooth & Enclosed The Contents Of

Mitichondria.

 The Inner Membrane Is Folded In The Form Of Shelf Like Inward

Projection Called Cristae & It Covers The Inner Matrix Pace.

 The Mitochondria Moves Freely In The Cytoplasm Of The Cell

IV] Ribosomes :-

Ribosomes Are Small Dot Like Structures

with a diameter Of 15nm.

It Is Mad Up Of Protien And Ribonucleic

Acid.
 V]
Cytoskeleton :-

It Determines The Shape Of The Cell & Gives

Support To The Cell.

It Consist Of 3 Major Protien

i.e 1) Microtubules

2) Intermediate Filaments

3) Microfilaments
VI] Lysosomes :-

 The Lysosomes Are Formed By Golgi Apparatus

 Among The Organells Of The Cytoplasm ,The Lysosomes Have
The Thickest Covering Membrane.
Types Of Lysosomes
I) Primary Lysosomes
Ii) Secondary Lysosomes
 Lysosomes Are Often Called ‘’GARBAGE SYSTEM’’ Of The
Cell Because Of Their Degradation Activity.
 C) Nucleus :-
Nuleus Is The Most Prominent & The Larger Celluler
Organnelle.
Diameter – 10to 22
It Occupies About 10% Of Total Volume Of The Cell
Nucleus Is Present In All The Cells In The Body
Except RBC
Nucleus Is Located In The Center Of The Cell
It Is Mostly Spherical In Shape.
Structure Of Nucleus :-

1] Nueclear Membrane :-
 The Nuclear Membrane Is Double Layered
 It Allows Nucleoplasm To Communiucate With The Cytoplasm

2] Nucleoplasm :-
 It Is A Fluid Like Structure Which Is Similar To Cytoplasm

3] Chromatin :-
 It Is Thread Like Material Made Up Of Larg Molecules Of Dna
 It Forms The Major Bulk Of Nuclear Material

4] Nucleolus :-
 Nucleolus Is A Small Round Granular Structure Of The Nucleus.
 Function Of Nucleus :-

1] It Controles The Cell Activities That Include Metabolism, Protien,

Synthesis, Growth & Reproduction.

2] Synthesis Of RNA.

3] Formation Of Subunits Of Ribosomes.

4] Storage Of Hereditary Information & Transformation Of This

Information From One Generation To Next Generation.

FUNCTIONS
OF
CELL
PRODUCE ENERGY
The organelles like a mitochondria which
Present into the cell is responsible for
Production of energy.
It convert glucose plus oxygen into the
A.T.P (adinosinetriphosphate).
SECRETION
There are various secretions cells can
Produce which get packaged and used inside
 the cell or sent outside the cell to a target
location.
PROTECTION
Unbroken epithelial cells on the outside of
the body help to keep foreign bodies such as
germs out of the body.
REPRODUCTION
Transmission of genetic material from one
generation to the next generation.
METABOLISM
All cells perform chemical reaction which
are also called metabolic processes when
they occur in living things.
 TRANSPORT PROCESSES
There are various transport mechanisms
Via which particles can travel through cells
Eg. Functions of cell membrane.
THANK YOU