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Engineering representation of
earthquake force
Masonry Structures
Masonry is brittle and tensile and shear
strength is very low.
Due to Large mass of masonry structures,
heavy weight attracts large amounts of seismic
forces.
Wall to wall connection and roof connection is
generally weak.
Stress concentration occurs at the corners of
windows and doors.
Failure Modes of a Masonry buildings
Out of plane failure
In plane failure
Diaphragm failure
Connection Failure
Failure due to opening of wall
Pounding
Non-structural component failure
Out of Plane Failure
The Earthquake force is
perpendicular to the plane.
The wall tends to overturn or bend.
This causes the partial or full
collapse of the wall.
This is due to Inadequate anchorage
of wall and roof , long and slender
wall, etc.
Characterized by vertical cracks at
corner, cracks at lintel, roof level and
gable wall, etc.
In Plane Failure
Brittle
Ductile
Δy Δu
Deformation
1. Walls tend to tear apart.
2. Walls tend to shear off diagonally in direction.
3. Failure at corners of walls
4. Walls tend to collapse
5. Failure at corners of openings
6. Hammering/pounding between two adjacent
buildings
7. Separation of thick wall into two layers
8.Separation on unconnected wall at junction
9.Seperation of wall from roof
Major causes of failure of masonry buildings
Non-integrity of wall floor and roof.
Configuration – irregularity of building causes
torsional effect.
Large opening of the building.
Inappropriate position of opening.
Lack of cross wall in large length of wall.
Lack of reinforcement make the masonry building
brittle.
Pounding effect.
Lack of anchoring element between two walls.
Elements of Lateral Load
Resisting Masonry
System
Horizontal bands for integrity
Connecting peripheral walls for
structural robustness and integrity
Plinth band
Lintel band
Roof band
Gable band
Roof structure
Light and strong roof is
desirable.
Secure tiles/slates or use GI
sheets.
Good jointing in trusses
Concrete floors in 1:2:4
concrete with reinforcement
in both directions and bend
up near supports.
Overall arrangement of masonry structure
Chapter-10
Testing of masonry
elements
Purwanchal Campus
Department of Civil Engineering
Compressive Strength of Bricks and wall
Testing of Wall in compression
Diagonal Shear Test
Normally carried out:
1. Periodically to evaluate the performance of
building