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Toxic sediments
Chemicals and toxic
metals contaminate
shellfish beds, kill
spawning fish, and
accumulate in the tissues
of bottom feeders.
Oxygen-depleted zone Healthy zone
Sedimentation and algae Clear, oxygen-rich
overgrowth reduce sunlight, waters promote growth
kill beneficial sea grasses, use of plankton and sea grasses,
up oxygen, and degrade habitat. and support fish.
Fig. 21-10, p. 505
LEAD(Pb)
4
*Sources of Lead
* Paint (until 1970)
* Petrol (tetraethyl lead)
* Household dust (via settlement of air pollution)
* Ceiling dust
* Occupational
* Solder
* Ceramic glazes
* Pesticides (lead arsenate)
* Cigarettes
* Mines, smelters 5
*More Uses and
Sources of Lead
* TV's, Computer monitors
* Batteries, Bullets Sinkers
* Aviation
* X-ray shields
* Crystal-ware (high levels in decanters)
* Explosives
* Non-stick linings of pots (in the past)
* Plastic colouring (wire, blinds)
* Pewter
6
presence of lead in the
environment
lead
wate
air soil
r
8
THE SOURCE PB IN THE WATER
• Naturally:
Pb can enter the water body through the
crystallization of Pb in the air with the help of
rain water
The erosion of rock minerals that many nearby
waters
8 Kendaraan Bermotor, Pesawat Terbang Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Sn
10 Tekstil Cr
11 Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap Cr, Zn
11
GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 82
YEAR 2001 DATED 14 DECEMBER 2001
GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 82 YEAR 2001 DATED 14
DECEMBER 2001
CASE EXAMPLE
Desa Kemaduh Kecamatan Baron Kabupaten Nganjuk Kali Klinter
Precipitation
Adsorption
Absorpsion
19
Absorption
of Lead
Lead goes down iron or calcium absorption
pathway in GIT.
Children absorb lead well orally (~50%) cf
adults poorly (~10%). Children also have
more hand to mouth activity.
Lead absorption is enhanced if diet is poor
in iron or calcium.
Pica is one of the worst risk factors.
Lead can be inhaled.
Tetraethyl lead can be absorbed via skin.
S:\Leadgpc\BB Lead 20
Poisoning.ppt
Absorption of Lead
21
Contribution of
Sources
22
GEJALA KERACUNAN AKIBAT
PAPARAN PB
1. GASTROENTERISTIS
DISEBABKAN OLEH REAKSI RANGSANG GARAM PB PADA MUKOSA
SALURAN PENCERNAAN SEHINGGA MENYEBABKAN
PEMBENGKAKAN, DAN GERAK KONTRAKSI RUMEN DAN USUS
BERHENTI , PARISTALTIK USUS MENURUN SEGINGGA TERJADI
KONSTIPASI DAN KADANG-KADANG DIARE.
2. ANEMIA
TIMBAL (PB) TERBAWA DALAM DARAH LEBIH DARI 95 %
BERIKATAN DENGAN ERITROSIT SEHINGGA MENYEBABKAN
MUDAH PECAHNYA SEL DARAH MERAH DAN BERPENGARUH
TERHADAP SINTESA HB, SEHINGGA MENYEBABKAN ANEMIA YG
DITANDAI DENGAN ANISOSITIS, POLIKOMRASIA.
3 ENCELOPATI
PB MENYEBABKAN KERUSAKAN SEL ENDOTEL DAN KAPILER
DARAH DI OTAK SEHINGGA MENGAKIBATKAN BERBAGAI
PERUBAHAN ANATOMI BAIK PADA SISTEM SARAF PUSAT MAUPUN
PERIFER.
GEJALA KERACUNAN PB
PADA ANAK -ANAK
NAFSU MAKAN BERKURANG
SAKIT PERUT DAN MUNTAH-MUNTAH
BERGERAK TERASA KAKU
KELELAHAN
TIDAK INGIN BERMAIN
PEKA TERHADAP RANGSANGAN
SEMPOYONGAN BILA BERGERAK
SULIT BICARA
HASIL TES PSIKOLOGIK TERLIHAT SANGAT RENDAH
GANGGUAN PERTUMBUHAN OTAK
KOMA
GEJALA KERACUNAN PB
PADA ORANG DEWASA
SAKIT PERUT
GANGGUAN SALURAN PENCERNAAN ( MUAL,
DIARE, KONSTIPASI).
NEUROPATI SARAF PERIFER
KELEMAHAN OTOT TERUTAMA TANGAN DAN KAKI
LESU DAN LEMAH
SAKIT KEPALA.
NAFSU MAKAN HILANG, BERAT BADAN TURUN
ANEMIA
HIPERIRITASI
GANGGUAN TIDUR
DEPRESI.
27