RESPONSE SPECTRUM,

STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY

Civil Engineering Department

Petra Christian University
Ground Motion Accelerogram
 For engineering purposes, the time variation of ground acceleration
űg(t) is the most useful way of defining the shaking of the ground
during an earthquake. This is because:

Peff(t) = - műg(t)

 The basic instrument to record

P(t) = - műg(t) u(t)
three components of ground
shaking (up-down, N-S, E-W) m
during earthquake is the strong- c
motion accelerograph which does
not record continuously but is
triggered into motion by the first stationary base
waves of the earthquake to arrive.

2
N-S component of horizontal ground acceleration recorded at the Imperial Valley
Irrigation District substation, El Centro, California, during the earthquake of May
18, 1940. The ground velocity and ground displacement were computed by
integrating the ground acceleration. 3
Several ground motion record during earthquake:
* Highly irregular
* Wide variability of amplitude, duration, frequency content, and general
appearance of different records can be clearly seen.

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Elastic Response Spectra
Equation of motion:

mű + cú + ku = - műg(t)

or

ű + 2nú + n2u = - űg(t)

It turns out that, for a given ground acceleration űg(t), the deformation
response depends only on n (or Tn) and  of the SDOF system.

P(t) = - műg(t) u(t) 2

m n =
Tn
m
c
c =
k c cr
cr = 2mn
5
stationary base
Deformation response of SDOF systems to El Centro ground motion

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 El Centro Ground Acceleration

Deformation response of three Deformation response spectrum

SDOF systems with =0.02 for  = 0.02

Response Spectrum: a plot of the peak values of a response quantity as a

function of the natural vibration period Tn of the system. 7
Equivalent Static Force
Let uo be the peak displacement of a SDOF system,
Once uo is obtained from the deformation response spectrum, the
corresponding peak internal forces fso can be determined by:
fso = kuo
or fso = mn2uo = mA
Where: A = n2uo
A is not a real peak acceleration response but it has units of acceleration.
A is called “peak pseudo-acceleration”.
fso can be considered as an “equivalent static force” because if the
force fso is applied to the structure statically, it will produce the equivalent
amount of peak deformation response uo.

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 dynamic u(t) uo static
fso
m m
c
k/2 k/2 = k/2 k/2

űg(t) Vbo
at the instant where stationary base
u(t) = uo
Let Vbo be the peak value of base shear.
Vbo = fso = mA
It can be written in the form:
A
Vbo = w
g
Where w is the weight of the structure and g is the gravitational acc.
A/g may be interpreted as the base shear coefficient or
lateral force coefficient. 9
Response spectra ( = 0.02) for El Centro ground motion

Deformation Response Spectrum

D = uo

Pseudo-Velocity Response Spectrum

V =  nD

Pseudo-Acceleration Response
A/g

Spectrum
A =  n2 D

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Normalized pseudo-acceleration, or base shear coefficient, response
Spectrum for El Centro ground motion;  = 0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2

See SNI

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Response Spectrum Characteristics
El Centro ground acceleration
 A very short period very short T
system is extremely stiff (very rigid)
and rigid. Its deformation
response to the ground
Acceleration response
motion is very small. So, of SDOF system
its mass move rigidly with
the ground, and its peak
structural acceleration
should be approximately
űgo Pseudo acceleration
of the same system
 To drive the structural
mass to move with
acceleration of űgo, it is
necesarry to have fso ≈
műgo, therefore A ≈ űgo

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Response Spectrum Characteristics – cont.

El Centro ground displacement

very long T
(very flexible)

Deformation response
of SDOF system

 A very long-period system is extremely flexible. The mass would be

expected to remain essentially stationary while the ground below
moves.
 Thus, u(t) ≈ - ug(t) that is D ≈ ugo
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Earthquake Response of Inelastic Systems
Comparison of base shear coefficients from elastic design spectrum and
Uniform Building Code.

Vbo = (A/g) w
Base shear
coefficient
Peak
base
shear
Most buildings are designed
for base shear much smaller
than the elastic base shear
associated with the strongest
shaking that can occur at the
site.

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 This disparity implies that buildings designed
for the code forces would be deformed
beyond the limit of linearly elastic
behavior when subjected to ground motions
represented by the elastic design spectrum.
 Thus, is should not be surprising that
buildings suffer damage during intense
ground shaking. The challenge to the
engineer is to design the structure so that
the damage is controlled to an acceptable
degree.
 The response of structures deforming
into their inelastic range during intense
ground shaking is therefore of central
importance in earthquake engineering.

See BASIC CONCEPT IN SEISMIC DESIGN

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 Force-Deformation Relations
During an earthquake, structures undergo oscillatory motion with reversal
of deformation.

The experimental results from cyclic loading conditions indicate that the
cyclic force-deformation behavior of a structure depends on:
1. The structural material (steel, concrete, etc.)
2. The type of structural members (beam, shear member, axial
member)
3. How the members are assembled into structure (of structural
system)

Steel structure
M M

Concrete structure
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Idealized Force-Deformation Relation
u
Elastoplastic force-deformation
fs relation under cyclic loading
fs

Actual fy
k
fy u
1
uy um
k k
Idealized
(elastoplastic) 1 1
- fy

uy um
um = the maximum deformation
uy = the yield deformation
fy = the yield strength
u k : elastic stiffness
fs depends not only on u(t) but
also on the prior history of
motion of the system and on
whether the deformation is
currently increasing (ú > 0) or
decreasing (ú < 0) 17
Elastoplastic system and its corresponding linear system having the same
k in their initial loading phases.
fs
Corresponding linear system
Comparing the peak deformation
fo
of an elastoplastic system to the
Elastoplastic system
corresponding linear system:
fy
~ f y ku y u y
uy uo um
u fy   
f o kuo uo
Where:
~
f y = the normalized yield strength
fo = the peak resisting force in the linear system
uo = the peak deformation in the linear system
um = the maximum deformation of the elastoplastic system due to the
same earthquake
uy = the yield deformation of the elastoplastic system due to the same
earthquake 18
 fs • fo may be interpreted as the
Corresponding linear system
strength required for the
fo structure to remain within its
linear elastic limit during the
Elastoplastic system ground motion
fy
~
• f y = 0.5 implies that the yield
u
uy uo um strength of the system is ½ of
the strength required for the
system to remain elastic during
the ground motion
Let Ry be the yield reduction factor: ~
• R = 2 (or f y = 0.5) implies that
y
f o uo 1 the yield strength of the system
Ry    ~
f y uy f y is the strength required for the
system to remain elastic divided
Let  be the ductility factor: by 2.
um • For system deforming into the
 inelastic range, that is um > uy,
uy
the ductility factor  > 1 19
 u

Equation of motion of elastoplastic systems:

mu  cu  f s (u, u )  mug (t )

f s (u, u )  mug  mu  cu
ug(t)
  mut  cu ground displacement

Where ut is the total acceleration of the mass

The solution of the equation of motion can be obtained from

step-by-step direct integration.

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Effect of Inelasticity
Response of a linear system
with Tn = 0.5 sec and  =0 to
El Centro ground motion:

Deformation response
Response of an elastoplastic
system ~
with Tn = 0.5 sec,  = 0,
Resisting force and acc.
and f y = 0.125 to El Centro
ground motion.
Time intervals of yielding (fy is set to 0.125 fo = 0.125 x
Time, sec
1.37w

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 After the structure has yielded, the inelastic system does not
oscillate about its initial equilibrium position – This is due to plastic
deformation.
 The peak deformation of the elastoplastic system um is different from
the peak deformation of the corresponding linear system uo.

In this case : u / u  1.71 / 3.34  0.51

m o

um um  1  1
  ~   0.51x  4.1

u y uo  f y  0.125

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Deformation response and yielding of four~systems due to El Centro
ground motion; Tn = 0.5 sec,  = 5%, and f y = 1, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125

A fy = fo

→ fo = kuo
• System with lower
B fy = 0.5fo yield strength yield
more frequently and
for longer intervals.
• With more yielding,
C fy = 0.25fo
the permanent
deformation up of the
structure after the
ground stops shaking
fy = 0.125fo
D tends to increase.

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 DUCTILITY FACTOR
Ductility factor for the four elastoplastic systems (with Tn = 0.5 sec)

System Yield stength Yield deform. Max.deform. Ductility factor

fy uy (in) um (in) 
A fo 2.25 2.25 1
B 0.5fo 1.125 1.62 1.44
C 0.25fo 0.562 1.75 3.11
D 0.125fo 0.281 2.07 7.36
• For each system, the computed ductility factor  is the “ductility
demand” imposed on the elastoplastic system by the ground motion.
• The system should be designed such that its “ductility demand” (i.e.,
the ability to deform beyond the elastic limit) exceeds the “ductility
demand”.
• Decreasing in yield strength → increasing in “ductility demand”

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DESIGN OPTIONS
• A structure may be designed for earthquake resistance by making it
(a) strong, (b) ductile, or by designed it for economic combinations
of both properties.
• If the structure is designed for a strength fo = 0.919 w or larger, it will
remain within its linearly elastic range during the El Centro ground
motion; therefore, it need not be ductile.
• On the other hand, if it can develop a ductility factor of 8, it need be
designed only 12% of the strength fo (that is only 0.11w).
• Alternatively, it may be designed for strength equal to 37% of fo and a
ductility capacity of 2.
• For some types of materials and structural members, ductility is difficult
to achieve. In such case, the structure should be designed to have
high yield strength and low ductility.

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OVERSTRENGTH
Suppose that a structure is designed to resist a code-prescribed design
base shear Vb by “Allowable Stress Design” method, the behavior of the
structure under a monotonically increasing load would be:
u

fs
The yield strength of the structural
Actual
system fy is usually considerably
higher than the design base shear
fy Vb (the effect of “overstrength”).
Idealized Therefore, the design base shear
Vb (elastoplastic)
Vb can be set much lower than the
“yield strength demand”.
uy um u

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UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
Base Shear

ZIC
Design Base Shear (elastic): Vb  W
Rw
Vb for Rw = 4 to 12 ZICW = Elastic strength demand (fo)
Rw = Reduction Factor
= R . Ry
1 2 3
Natural Period, sec

Ry = Factor for reducing “Elastic strength demand” (fo) to “inelastic yield

strength demand” (fy). → associated with the ductility capacity of the
system.
R = Factor for reducing “yield strength demand” (fy) to “design base
shear” (Vb). → associated with the overstrength of the system.
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