ENERGY BALANCE

-OVERALL (PART 1)

CEB 1043 Principles of Chemical Engineering 03/15/2020 1

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic, you should be able to understand

the following:

• Definition of Energy

• Conservation of Energy

• Form of Energy

• General Energy Balance for Closed and Open Systems

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 ACTIVITY 1

1. Please be seated with your partners (in a team of three)

2. Please go through your individual summarized notes/mind
map and the questions asked
3. Compare the notes and do correction where necessary (you
may ask me if you need clarification)
4. Try to answer the questions together
5. Pick the most interesting question and shared on menti.com
(CODE: 20 14 5)

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 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

The law of conservation of energy states that

for any process unit (s), energy can neither be
created nor destroyed but it can change from
one form to another forms of energy.
The law concludes that at a steady state:
Total energy INPUT = Total energy
OUTPUT

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 FORM OF ENERGY

THERE ARE 6 FORMS OF ENERGY

WORK (W)
HEAT (Q)
KINETIC ENERGY (EK)
POTENTIAL ENERGY (EP)
INTERNAL ENERGY (U)
ENTHALPY (H)

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 FORM OF ENERGY

WORK (W)-
FORM OF ENERGY THAT REPRESENT A
TRANSFER BETWEEN THE SYSTEM AND
SURROUNDINGS. WORK CANNOT BE STORED.
WORK IS POSITIVE WHEN IT IS DONE ON THE
state 2
SYSTEM. FOR EXAMPLE, WORK DONE BY
PISTON.
W  Fds
state1

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GIVE EXAMPLE WHEN WORK IS NEGATIV

 FORM OF ENERGY

HEAT (Q)-
HEAT FLOW OR TOTAL ENERGY FLOW ACROSS A
SYSTEM BOUNDARY THAT IS CAUSED BY A
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SYSTEM
AND THE SURROUNDINGS.
HEAT IS NOT STORED NOR CREATED.
HEAT IS POSITIVE WHEN TRANSFERRED TO THE
SYSTEM VIA CONDUCTION, CONVECTION OR
RADIATION. Q  UAT

U=overall heat tranfer coefficient, A=surface area,

T=temperature
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 FORM OF ENERGY
INTERNAL ENERGY (U)- DUE TO;
 MOTION OF MOLECULES RELATIVE TO THE
CENTRE OF MASS OF THE SYSTEM,
 ROTATIONAL, VIBRATIONAL, AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTIONS OF
MOLECULES, AND
 INTERACTIONS OF THE ATOMIC AND SUBATOMIC
CONSTITUENTS OF THE MOLECULES
T2
U 2  U1   UCV dT
T1
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 FORM OF ENERGY
KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY

1
E
• THE KINETIC ENERGY PORTION IS DEFINED 
k BY mu 2

• THUS YOU COULD CALCULATE THE KINETIC ENERGY OF A PORTION

OF FLUID WITH MASS M (KG) AND UNIFORM VELOCITY U (M/S).
• NOW, FOR POTENTIAL ENERGY, E p  mgz
WHERE Z = HEIGHT OF THE OBJECT ABOVE A REFERENCE PLANE
(POTENTIAL ENERGY IS ASSIGNED AS 0)
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 FORM OF ENERGY

Enthalpy, a property of a thermodynamic system, is equal to

the system's internal energy plus the product of its
pressure and volume.

In an enclosed system , as to prevent mass transfer for

processes at constant pressure, the heat absorbed or released
equals the change in enthalpy.

H  U  pV
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CLOSE CLOSED SYSTEM OR NON-FLOW SYSTEM- NO
AND TRANSFER OF MASS ACROSS THE
BOUNDARY
OPEN
SYSTEM OPEN SYSTEM OR FLOW SYSTEM- EXCHANGE

S OF MASS OCCURS ACROSS THE BOUNDARY

Any example?
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 CLOSE AND OPEN SYSTEMS
• FOR A SIMPLE AND CLOSED SYSTEM, ENERGY MAY ENTER OR
LEAVE A CLOSED SYSTEM IN ONLY TWO WAYS:
• AS HEAT: A FLOW OF HEAT INTO THE SYSTEM IS A
POSITIVE FLOW, A FLOW OUT IS NEGATIVE.
• AS WORK: THUS THE APPLICATION OF A FORCE, TORQUE,
OR VOLTAGE.
IN THIS TEXT, WORK, IS POSITIVE WHEN IT IS DONE ON
THE SYSTEM.
• ALL OF OUR ENERGY BALANCES IS BASED ON THE FIRST LAW
CEBOF THERMODYNAMICS,
1043 Principles of Chemical Engineering KNOWN AS THE CONSERVATION
03/15/2020 OF
12

ENERGY LAW (SIMILAR TO CONSERVATION OF MASS LAW -

 ENERGY BALANCES
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
• THE BALANCE:
FINAL ENERGY OF SYST. = INITIAL ENERGY OF SYST. + NET ENERGY
TRANSFERRED TO SYST.
· INITIAL ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM = UI + EKI + EPI
· FINAL ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM = UF + EKF + EPF
· ENERGY TRANSFERRED = Q - W (HEAT ENERGY TRANSFERRED MINUS WORK DONE)

• HENCE UF + EKF + EPF = UI + EKI + EPI + Q - W

REARRANGING (UF - UI) + (EKF - EKI) + (EPF - EPI) = Q – W

SIMPLIFY ΔU + ΔEK + ΔEP = Q – W

“FIRST LAW STATEMENT FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM”
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 ENERGY BALANCES FOR CLOSED
SYSTEM
The internal energy - If no changes in T,
dependent upon chemical phase, or
composition, state of chemical U =0
aggregation, and composition
temperature. occur:

Well insulated system, or if Is termed as

the outside temperature is adiabatic, no heat Q=0
the same as the system, exchanged.

Work done on the system

can be done by a piston
If none of these
(compressing, exerting W=0
things are done
force), a propeller, or by
an electric current.

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 ENERGY BALANCES
ENERGY BALANCE FOR OPEN SYSTEMS
• THE PREVIOUS EQUATIONS APPLIED TO CLOSED SYSTEM, I.E. SYSTEM IN WHICH MASS WERE CONSERVED.
WHAT ABOUT AN OPEN SYSTEM WHERE MASS CROSSES THE BOUNDARIES OF THE SYSTEM?

• IN AN OPEN SYSTEM, SEVERAL OTHER "THINGS" CAN IMPACT THE ENERGY.

• WORK DONE BY PROPELLER IS CALLED "SHAFT" WORK.

• THERE IS ALSO "FLOW" WORK; THE WORK DONE ON THE FLUID AS IT ENTERS THE SYSTEM MINUS THE
WORK DONE BY THE FLUID AT THE OUTLET. 
V
• THIS "FLOW" WORK IS CALCULATED BY LOOKING AT THE PRESSURE P AND VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE,
• •
• THUS, ẆFL (N.M/S) = POUT (N/M2) * VOUT (M3/S) - PIN (N/M2) * VIN (M3/S)
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 ENERGY BALANCES
ENERGY BALANCE FOR OPEN SYSTEMS

• ANOTHER PROPERTY OF THE ENERGY BALANCE FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM IS ENTALPHY, Ĥ:

^ ^ ^
H  U  PV
• NOTE THE SYMBOL ^ ON TOP OF THE LETTER H, U AND V. THIS IS A SYMBOL TO REPRESENT A SPECIFIC
PROPERTY.

• A SPECIFIC PROPERTY IS OBTAINED BY DIVIDING AN EXTENSIVE PROPERTY BY THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF THE
STREAM.

• THUS, IF THE VOLUME OF A STREAM IS 500FT 3 AND THE MASS IS 100LBM, THEN THE SPECIFIC VOLUME
3
5 ft /Ibm
WOULD BE . YOU CAN DO THIS FOR OTHER PROPERTIES, INCLUDING KINETIC ENERGY.
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 ENERGY BALANCES

ENERGY BALANCE FOR OPEN SYSTEMS

• PAGES 322, 323 AND 324 GO THROUGH THE DERIVATION. YOU SHOULD DEFINITELY LOOK AT THIS, BUT I
WON'T GO THROUGH THE DERIVATION.
THE END RESULT IS 7.4-15, ON PG. 324.
THIS IS WRONG!
THIS IS RIGHT!

  
Δ H   Ek   Ep  Q  Ws  p = Q - Ws

• YOU CAN SEE THAT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEM IS THAT WE USE ENTHALPY
INSTEAD OF INTERNAL ENERGY.
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 ACTIVITY 2
1. IN YOUR TEAM, PICK ONE EXAMPLE OF A CLOSED SYSTEM AND AN OPEN
SYSTEM RELATED TO THE REAL-LIFE APPLICATION
2. WHY DID YOU SAY SO? RELATE THEM TO THE EQUATION OF ENERGY
BALANCES GIVEN BELOW:
• CLOSED SYSTEM : ΔU + ΔEK + ΔEP = Q – W
• OPEN SYSTEM: 
p = Q - Ws

3. SHARE YOUR DISCUSSIONS IN MENTI.COM

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 CONCLUSIONS

 YOU HAVE LEARNT

-DEFINITION OF ENERGY
-CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
-FORM OF ENERGY
-ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED AND OPEN
SYSTEMS

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