INFORMATION

‘’ANY THING WHAT WE NEED , THAT IS THE TEXT

WE READ IMAGES OR VIDEO WE SEE, SPEECH
OR AUDIO WE HEAR AS WELL AS THE
SCIENTIFIC AND MATHEMATICAL DATA THAT
WE USE.”
 ICT

• I = INFORMATION
• C = COMMUNICATION
• T = TECHNOLOGY
ICT REFERS TO THE CONVERGENCE OF
COMPUTERS AND COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS,RESULTING IN A TECHNOLOGY
ENABLING USERS TOACCESS,STORE,TRANSMIT
AND MANIPULATE INFORMATION WORLD WIDE.
Eg :
AADHAR
 DIGITAL SIGNAL [ADVANTAGES]
• IT CAN BE STORED RELIABLY IN LARGE
AMOUNTS
• IT CAN BE POSSESSED VERY FAST USING A
DIGITAL COMPUTER
• IT CAN BE TRANSIMITED EFFICIENTLY OVER
COMPUTER NETWORKS
 AADHAR
• AADHAR IS A UNIQUE NUMBER IS PROVIDED
TO EVERY INDIAN CITIZEN FOR IDENTIFICATION
• IT IS A 16 DIGIT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
REPRESNTING 12 IDENTITY PARAMETERS
CORRESSPONDING TO THE DEMOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION INCLUDING:FINGER PRINTS
AND IRIS SCAN OF AN INDIVIDUAL THAT FORM
A BIOMETRIC RECORD MAPING TO THE
AADHAR NUMBER .
• ALL DATAS STORED IN A CENTRAL DATABASE
KNOWN AS CIDR [CENTRAL ID REPOSITORY]
 EVOLUTION OF ELECTRONICS-
TRANSISTER
• TRANSISTOR IS THE KEY INVENTION THAT LAID THE
FOUNDATION OF CURRENT ICT SYSTEMS BY
BARDEEN,BRATTAIN & SHOCKLEY IN 1947.
• TRANSISTER IS ATINY DEVICE THAT COULD SUBSTITUTE THE
BULKY VACCUME TUBES WHICH REQUIRES MORE POWER
AND WERE INHERITABLY LESS RELIABLE .

USE OF TRANSISTER
• ELECTRONIC SYSTEM BECOME SMALL
• CHEAPER IN COST
• REQUIRING LESS POWER & WERW MUCH MORE RUGGED
• BECOME MORE RELIABLE
 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (IC)
• THE FIRST ICs WAS INVENTED BY JACK KILBY
AT TEXAS INSTRUMEBNTS AND ROBERT
NOYCE AT FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR IN
1958.
• DEVELOPMENT OF ICs ACCELERATED THE
COMMERCIAL AND PERSONAL USE OF
COMPUTERS .AND LEAD TO THE INVENTION
OF MICROPROCESSOR .
 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS:
• AT 20th CENTURY AT THE TIME OF WORLD WAR INVENTED
COMPUTER, BUT THEY WERE VERY HUGE OF 30 TONNES,
WAS FAIRLY FAST& HAVING 20000 VACCUM TUBES IN
OPERATION.IT OCCUPIED IN LARGE SPACE AND MANY OF
PARTS ARE MECHANICAL
• THATIS COMPUTERS HAVING VACCUM TUBES BELONGS TO
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS :

• DISCOVERY OF TRANSISTER GAVE BIRTH TO NEW IDEAS
FOR NEW COMPUTERS THEY KNOWN AS SECOND
GENERATION COMPUTERS
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS:
• THE EFFORT OF JACK KILBY & ROB NOYCE GAVE BIRTH
TO THE 3rd GENERATION COMPUTERS, WHICH USED
ICs.

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS:

• ADVANCED MICRO PROCESSOR FOLLOWED ,THEN 4th
GENERATION COMPUTER WITH SEVERAL
SOPHISTICATED FEATURES WERE LANCHED.

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS:

• COMPUTERS USING ULTRA LARGE SCALE ICs
SUPPORTING POWERFUL APPLICATIONS ARE 5th
GENERATION COMPUTERS .
 EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATIONS
THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION WAS
PERHAPS LAID WITH THE INVENTION OF PULSE CODE
MODULATION(PCM), PATENTED BY ALEC REEVES IN
1938.
PCM :-
• IT IS A METHOD OF TRANSMITTING THE SIGNALS AS
PULSES OVER LONG DISTANCES.
• UNFORTUNATLY THIS IDEA REQUIRED COMPLEX
CICUITARY, BUT THAT WAS NOT POSSIBLE IN THAT
TIME, THAT WAS COST EFFECTIVE , USING VALVES.
 EAGLE BIRD (INTELSAT 1)
• AFTER THE LAUNCHING OF EAGLE BIRD SATELITE
COMMUNICATION BECOMES COMMERCIALLY
POSSIBLE.
• IT WAS LANCHED IN 1965
• IT WAS PLACED 36000km HIGH GEO SYNCHRONOUS
ORBIT ,SO THAT IT APPEARED STATIONARY FROM
EARTH
• IT EFFECTIVELY MADE POSSIBLE ARROUND THE
EARTH COMMUNICATION.
 GPS
• GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
DEVELOPED IN 1989, IT PRESENTLY AVAILABLE
IN AUTOMOBILES AND HANDHELDED DEVICES
, WHICH FIND OUR CURRENT LOCATION
USING SATELITES.
 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
NETWORK
• COMPUTER NETWORKS ARE OFFSPRINGS OF
COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATION.
• COMPUTER BECOME CAPABLE OF COMMUNICATING
WITH ANOTHR WITH THE INVENSION OF MODEM,
WHICH WAS DEVELOPED BY AMERICAN TELEPHONY&
TELEGRAPHY IN 1956.
• ARPANET IS THE FIRST VERSION OF INTERNET WAS SET
UP EXPERIMENTLY IN 1966.
• ETHERNET DEVELOPED BY ROBERT MET CALFE .SINCE
IT BECOMES WIDELY DEPLOYED NETWORK
TECHNOLOGY FOR LOCAL AREA NETWORK(LAN).
 SEARCH ENGINES
• RETRIEVING FILE FROM HUGE SYSTEM
REQUIRES MECHANISM CALLED SEARCH
ENGINES
• ARCHIE IS THE FIRST SEARCH ENGINE.
• TODAYS MOST POPULAR SEARCH ENGINE IS
GOOGLE
 WWW
• INTERNET REACHED TO THE COMMON MAN
WHEN IT TRANSFORMED TO THE “WORD
WIDE WEB”(WWW) .
• IT WAS DESIGNED BY TIM BERNERS LEE AND
AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC IN 1991.
• WWW IS AN APPLICATION COMPRISING
BILLIONS OF PAGES LINKED TO EACH OTHER
CONTAINING TEXT,GRAPHICS,MULTIMEDIA
FILES AND OTHER INTERACTIVE SOFTWARES.
 SOCIAL NETWORKING SYSTEMS
EXAMPLES FOR SOCIAL NETWORKING SYSTEMS ARE
1. TWITTER: IT ENABLES USERS TO SEND AND READ
SHORT 140- CHARACTER MESSAGES CALLED “ TWEETS
“
2. FACEBOOK : IT IS CONNECT PEOPLE WITH FRIENDS
AND OTHER PERSONS ARROUND THE WORD.
3. YOUTUBE: PROVIDING ONLINE VIDEOS SHARING AND
VIEWING

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
 ENERGY
-SOURCES,CONSERVATION&
ENVIORNMENT (CHAPTER2)
 ENERGY& ENVIORNMENT
THE RELEVENCE OF ENERGY AND ENVIORNMENT
INCREASING DAY BY DAY, CHARECTERISED BY
ESCALATING POPULATION, INCREASING WANTS OF
AMENITIES AND GADGETS AS WELL AS CONTINUOS
GENERATION OF WASTES OF ALL FORMS.LIFE STYLE
CHANGES HARMFUL TO EAFRTH’S ECOLOGY AND
ENVIORNMENT.
SOLAR IMPULSES
 ENERGY SOURCES
PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES
IT CAN BE USED DIRECTLY, AS THEY APPEAR IN THE
NATURAL ENVIORNMENT
Eg :
i. COAL
ii. OIL
iii. NATURAL GAS
iv. WOOD
v. NUCLEAR FUEL SUCH AS URANIUM
vi. SUN ,WIND…etc
SECONDARY ENERGY SOURCES
WHICH IS DERIVED FROM THE TRANSFORMATION OF
PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES
Eg:
i. PETROL – WHICH DERIVES FROM CRUDE OIL
ii. ELECTRIC ENERGY- DERIVES FROM HYDROELECTRIC
PLANTS, NUCLEAR PLANTS..etc
 RENEWABLE AND NON RENEWABLE
ENERGY SOURCES
RENEWABLE :
WHICH IS CONSTANTLY REGENARATED BY MEANS OF
CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATIONS
Eg:
BIOMAS, WATER POWER,SOLARWIND POWE…etc
NON-RENEWABLE
• WHICH WAS CHARECTERISED BY LONG REGENERATION
TIMES, SO LONG MILLIONS OF YEARS THAT AFTER THEY
HAVE BEEN EXPLOITED THEY ARE CONSIDERED DEPLETED.
Eg:
COAL,OIL,NATURAL GAS,URANIUM…etc
 ENERGY CONSERVATION
IT IS STRICTLY SPEAKING , REFERS TO REDUCING
ENERGY CONSUMPTION THROUGH LESSER
USIMG OF ENERGY RESOURCE.
EFFICIENT ENERGY USE REFERS TO ADOPTING
TECHNIQUES FOR USING LESSER ENERGY FOR
ACONSTANT SERVICE
THAT IS REDUCING DRIVING NEED CONSERVE
ENERGY ,SWITCHING OFF LAMPS AFTER
USE,REPLACING INCANDASCENT LAMPS TO CFL
OR LED
 ADVANTAGES OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION
ENERGY CONSERVATION SAVES MONEY
• BUYING ENERGY EFFICIENT APPLIANCES (DENOTED
BY STARS) SAVES UP TO 30% ON ELECTRICITY BILLS
• REPLACEMENT OF INCANDASCENT LAMP WITH
CFL/LED SAVES 30-80% OF ELECTRICITY BILLS
• PRACTISING ENERGY-EFFICIENT METHODES DAILY AT
HOMES OR AT WORK SAVES ENERGY& MONEY
 ENERGY CONSERVATION PROTECTS
ENVIORNMENT

• SAVING ENERGY RESOURCES: ENERGY EFFICIENCY

HELPS US KEEP MORE RESOURCES ON THE EARTH
LONGER
• AVOIDING POLLUTION: FROM INCANDASCENT BULB TO
CARS TO POWER PLANTS ,CONSUMING ENERGY CAN
PRODUCE EMISSIONS THAT HARM ENVIORNMENT. BY
REDUCING GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS,WE REDUCE
GLOBAL WARMING
ENRGY CONSERVATION IMPROVES QUALITY OF LIFE
• BY CONSERVING ENERGY , THE POSSIBILITY OF
OUTAGES IS REDUCED SINCE WE GET CONSISTENT
ACCES TO ELECTRICITY .THIS MAKES OUR LIVING
AND WORKING MORE ENJOYABLE
• BUSINESS CAN IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY BY
TAKING ADVANTAGES OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN
OFFICE BUILDINGS AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES
• JUDICIOUS ENERGY USE SAVES THE ENVIORNMENT
AND IMPROVES QUALITY OF LIFE OF OUR COMING
GENERATIONS TOO.