ATOMS

KIMIA ORGANIK
What is the particle that made up an element?
 A. Atoms

All elements are made

up of small particles
called atoms.
Different elements
have their unique kind
of atoms.
The atoms of iron are
different from that of
carbon.
Gold and its Atoms
Different Elements are made up of different atoms

a silver a copper
wire wire

silver atoms copper atoms

enlarged many, enlarged many,
many times many times
How did they now about
atoms??

WHO DISCOVERED IT FIRST??

 B. Atomic’s Model Theory Development

Various Greek (and Indian) philosophers had only a few elements, concept of an
atom that is indivisible smallest unit of any form of matter

Various atoms and molecules as depicted in

John Dalton's ”A New System of Chemical
Philosophy” (1808).

Law of constant proportion in chemical

reactions, atoms must exist for chemical
book keeping reasons

2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O

1. Dalton’s Atomic Model
Faraday, 1838: Atoms have
“electrical
constituents”

9
John Joseph Thomson, 1897

Electrons are negatively charged particles that can be “pulled out” of any metal by
a strong electric field (the “thingies” pulled out are all identical and have a charge
to mass ratio about 2,000 times larger than hydrogen ions (which we now know to
be protons)

So atoms cannot be indivisible, if not

Previous indivisible, they must have some internal
chapter structure that is responsible for the
physical and chemical properties of the
atoms of the various elements
10
There is also radioactivity (from 1896 onwards):
electrons and other particles, e.g. alpha
particles, (we now know nuclei of He, two
proton + two neutrons) come out of the atoms
of certain elements

end of the second part of this course, nuclear

physics

11
 Einstein’s PhD thesis and the related 1905 also start of quantitative
paper, atoms must exist for physical reasons nanoscience

A. Einstein, “Eine neue

Bestimmung der
Moleküldimensionen”, Annalen
der Physik, vol. 19, pp. 289-306,
1906

ibid vol. 34, pp. 591-

592, 1911

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Big questions: What is the true nature of atoms?
What is their internal structure that is responsible for the
chemical and physical properties of the atoms of the various
chemical elements

Smaller questions (the answers to which will help with the big
questions above:
How come there are there characteristic emission and absorption spectra
for the elements?
How come there are characteristic X-ray emission spectra for the elements
(there are of course also characteristic X-ray absorption spectra – not part
of this course, there are also characteristic γ-ray absorptions and
emissions, end of the second part of this course, nuclear physics)
How come …

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 2. Thomson’s Atomic Model
14

 Thomson’s “plum-pudding” model of the atom had the positive

charges spread uniformly throughout a sphere the size of the atom,
with electrons embedded in the uniform background.

 In Thomson’s view, when the atom was heated, the electrons could
vibrate about their equilibrium positions, thus producing
electromagnetic radiation.
 What to do? Rutherford’s idea: shoot small but highly
energetic probes at atoms, see what happens,
Still done in particle physics today, also Rutherford managed to transform
one type of atom into another by shooting at them with α-particles (with
Geigen and Meisen)

That is what physicists do, take things apart, figure out what its “internal
structure” is, how it works on the basis of this structure
Rutherford himself: “In Science there is only physics, anything else
is stamp collecting.” Various versions: ”The only real science is
physics, everything else is stamp collecting.”
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 3. Rutherford’s Atomic Model
 Rutherford proposed that an atom has a positively charged core
(nucleus) surrounded by the negative electrons.

Something three –dimensional

where there is a particle nucleus
and particle electrons in certain
orbits, not correct
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 The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Niels Bohr’s general assumptions: 17

1) “Stationary states” (orbiting electron does not radiate energy) exist in the
hydrogen atom.
2) E = E1 − E2 = hf
3) Classical laws of physics do not apply to transitions between stationary
states, the electron just “jumps” makes a “quantum leap”
4) Angular momentum is quantized in units of h/2π , in the future simply called
h-bar 
5) One form of the correspondence principle, at very high quantum numbers
(the indices in (2)) binding energies become so low that transitions between
stationary states can be achieved without us noticing their discrete quantum
nature, energy changes seem to be continuous again
Nota Bene: All of these assumptions are consistent with the
assumption that the electron is a classical particle, as supported
by J.J. Thomson’s experiments and the rest of classical physics
4. Bohr’s Atomic Model
 C. Atomic Structure

Basic Structure of Atom Solar System

electron

neutron

proton
 Atoms
smallest particle of an element that has the
properties of the element
made of 3 basic subatomic particles
Electron(faraday,etc); Proton(Eugen
Goldstein,etc); Neutron(Ernest Rutherford)

there are now many more subatomic particles –

theoretical physics
nucleus
 small, dense center of atom

 contains almost all the mass of the atom

 contains protons and neutrons
Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
 metric unit to measure the mass of VERY small objects
(particles)
 a unit to measure the mass of atoms
 Subatomic Particles
Name Protons (p or +) Neutrons (n) Electrons (e-)
Charge +1 No charge -1

Location in nucleus in nucleus in shells around

nucleus

Mass ≈ 1 amu ≈ 1 amu ≈ 2000 x

smaller

“Job” Determines Supplies proper Determines

identity of mass to hold bonding/
element nucleus together how it reacts
Number
 Subatomic Particles

Name Protons (p or +) Neutrons (n) Electrons (e-)

Charge +1 No charge -1
Location in nucleus in nucleus in shells around
nucleus
Mass ≈ 1 amu ≈ 1 amu ≈ 2000 x
smaller
“Job” Determines identity Supplies proper Determines
of element mass to hold bonding/ how it
nucleus together reacts

Number Atomic # Atomic mass – Same as #

atomic # = of protons
# of neutrons
 # of protons

atomic number
 whole number on periodic table
 number of protons in an atom of an element
 does NOT vary in an element – the same in all atoms of
an element
 # of electrons

atoms are neutral

(+) = (-)

# of protons = # of electrons

p = e-
atomic mass (weight)

 decimal number on the periodic table – it is for all the

atoms of the element
 number of protons plus the number of neutrons – it’s an
average on the table
 weighted average of all the isotopes of that element
 the mass of one atom is a whole number
 Atomic Number & Mass Number
Conclussion

An Atom is electrically neutral, that means

No. of proton(s) in an atom
= No. of electron(s) in the same atom
Atomic Number (Z) of an atom
= No. of proton(s) of the atom
Mass Number (A) of an atom
= No. of proton(s) + No. of neutron(s)
 Example
What is the atomic number and the mass
number of the atom shown below?
Atomic number is 2 and
mass number is 4
neutron

electron

proton

nucleus
 Class-work

Atom Symbol Atomic Mass No. of No. of No. of

no. (Z) no. (A) proton neutron electron

Hydro H 1 1 1 0 1
gen
Beryll Be 4 9 4 5 4
ium
Sodiu Na 11 23 11 12 11
m
 Notation of Atom

X = symbol of
element

A
Z = atomic number
A = mass number

Z X
 Notation of Atom

Atomic no. =?
92

235
Mass no. =?
235
No. of the neutron
=? 92 U
143
Name =?
Uranium
Atomic Bombing at Nagasaki
Isotopes of Hydrogen
 Isotopes of Hydrogen

Name Symbol Atomic Mass no.

no.
Hydrogen-1 1 1 1
1 H
Hydrogen-2 2 1 2
1 H
Hydrogen-3 3 1 3
1 H
D. Electron Configuration and Electron Valency
Electron Arrangement of Atoms
Maximum
Number
Shell of
Number (n) Electrons (2n2)
1 2
2 8
3 18

nucleus
 Electron Arrangement of Atoms

Oxygen atom
Atomic no. = 8
No. of protons
= No. of electrons
=8 O
Electron arrangement
= 2, 6

Electron
 Electron Arrangement of Atoms

Oxygen atom
Atomic no. = 8
No. of protons
= No. of electrons
=8 O
Electron arrangement
= 2, 6

Electron
 Electron Arrangement of Atoms

Oxygen atom
Atomic no. = 8
No. of protons
= No. of electrons
=8 O
Electron arrangement
= 2, 6

Electron
Electron Arrangement of Atoms

Oxygen atom
Atomic no. = 8
No. of protons
= No. of electrons
=8 O
Electron arrangement
= 2, 6

Electron
Electron Diagram of Oxygen Atom

Two electrons in the

first shell.
Six electrons in the
second shell.
O Electron
arrangement
= 2, 6

electron
Electron Diagram of Aluminium Atom

Atomic no. = 13
Electron arrangement
=2, 8, 3
Two electrons in the
Al first shell.
Eight electrons in the
second shell.
Three electrons in the
third shell
Electron Diagram of Magnesium Atom

Atomic no. = 12
Electron
arrangement
= 2, 8, 2
Mg
Electron Diagram of Fluorine Atom

Atomic no. = 9
Electron
arrangement
= 2, 7
F
Electron Diagram of Boron Atom

Atomic no. = 5
Electron
arrangement
= 2, 3
B
Electron Valency
 Simple Ions
A simple ion is
formed when an
atom either loses or
gains one or more
electrons.
It is either positively
or negatively
charged.
Positive ions are
called cations.
Simple Ion
 Simple Ion: Cation
Lithium atom, Li:
Atomic no. = 3
Electron
arrangement
Li = 2, 1
Remove one electron
from the outermost
shell of lithium
atom...
 Simple Ion: Cation
Lithium ion, Li+:

+
Atomic no. = 3
Electron
arrangement
Li =2
Three protons
Two electrons
Positively charged
particle!
 Simple Ion: Anion
Fluorine atom, F:
Atomic no. = 9
Electron
arrangement
F = 2, 7
Add one electron to
the outermost shell
of fluorine atom...
 Simple Ion: Anion
- Fluoride ion, F-:
Atomic no. = 9
Electron
arrangement
F
= 2, 8
Nine protons
Ten electrons
Negatively charged
particle
 References

Atomic Bomb
 http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Agora/4526/index1.h
tml
Encarta 98
General Chemistry
 http://www-
wilson.ucsd.edu/education/gchem/index.html
General Chemistry I -- A Virtual Textbook
 http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/chm1045.htm