POET

RY
ELEMENTS AND TYPES OF POETRY
P P
O
R
ET
O RY
SE
Prose Form vs. Poetry
Verse
• PROSE FORM • POETRY VERSE
“The woods look lovely
against the setting
darkness and as I gaze
into the mysterious
depths of the forest, I
feel like lingering here
longer. However, I have
pending appointments to
keep, and much distance
to cover before I settle in
for the night, or else I
will be late for all of
“The woods are lovely,
dark and deep.
But I have promises to
keep,
And miles to go before I
sleep,
And miles to go before I
sleep.”
- (Stopping by Woods on
a Snowy Evening, by
Robert Frost)
 Reviewing Terms in Poetry

 is a form of language use in which the writers and

speakers mean something other than the literal meaning
of their words.
 is the concrete representation of a sense impression,
feeling, or idea that triggers our imaginative re-
enactment of a sensory experience.
 is the repetition of identical or similar concluding
syllables in different words, most often at the ends of
lines.
 is the term used to refer to the recurrence of stressed
and unstressed sounds in poetry.
 is a grouping of lines, set off by a space, which usually
has a set pattern of meter and rhyme.
 Reviewing Terms in Poetry

 is a form of language use in which the writers and speakers mean

something other than the literal meaning of their words.
(Figurative Language)
 is the concrete representation of a sense impression, feeling, or
idea that triggers our imaginative re-enactment of a sensory
experience. (Imagery)
 is the repetition of identical or similar concluding syllables in
different words, most often at the ends of lines. (Rhyme)
 is the term used to refer to the recurrence of stressed and
unstressed sounds in poetry. (Rhythm)
 is a grouping of lines, set off by a space, which usually has a set
pattern of meter and rhyme. (Stanza)
WHAT IS POETRY?
1. Descriptive and vivid language that often has
an economical or condensed use of words chosen
for their sound and meaning
2. Can have physical and grammatical
arrangement of words usually enhance the
reader's overall experience
3. Provokes thought and causes an emotional
response: laughter, happy, sad
WHAT IS POETRY?
Major Elements of Poetry

A. Form (Style, Structure or

Shape)
- May vary according to
number of lines, rhyme
scheme and/or metrical
pattern
Major Elements of Poetry

B. Tone (Attitude or Music)

 Refers to the attitude toward
the poem’s subject. May also
be called as music.
 Affected or delivered by style
(e.g. word choice, rhythm, etc.)
Major Elements of Poetry

C. Imagery (Central Image)

 Refers to the concrete
representation of a sense
impression, feeling, or idea that
triggers our imaginative re-
enactment of a sensory experience.
 It can be visual, aural, tactile,
olfactory, or gustatory.
Types of Poetry Based on
Form/Structure/Style
1. Lyric Poetry: It is any poem with one speaker (not necessarily
the poet) who expresses strong thoughts and feelings. Most
poems, especially modern ones, are lyric poems. 

2. Narrative Poetry: It is a poem that tells a story; its structure

resembles the plot line of a story [i.e. the introduction of conflict
and characters, rising action, climax and the denouement].

3. Dramatic Poetry: It is a poem that  is generally performed

on stage. Commonly accompanied by props, dialogues,
costumes, etc.
Subtypes of Poetry: Lyric
Poetry
a. Ode: It is usually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a
serious subject, an elevated style, and an elaborate stanza
pattern.

b. Elegy: It is a lyric poem that mourns the dead. [It's not to be

confused with a eulogy.]It has no set metric or stanzaic pattern,
but it usually begins by reminiscing about the dead person, then
laments the reason for the death, and then resolves the grief by
concluding that death leads to immortality. It often uses
"apostrophe" (calling out to the dead person) as a literary
technique. It can have a fairly formal style, and sound similar to
an ode.
Subtypes of Poetry: Lyric
Poetry
c. Sonnet: It is a lyric poem consisting of 14 lines and, in the
English version, is usually written in iambic pentameter. There
are two basic kinds of sonnets: the Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnet
and the Shakespearean (or Elizabethan/English) sonnet.
The Italian/Petrarchan sonnet is named after Petrarch, an Italian
Renaissance poet. The Petrarchan sonnet consists of an
octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines). The Shakespearean
sonnet consists of three quatrains (four lines each) and a
concluding couplet (two lines). The Petrarchan sonnet tends to
divide the thought into two parts (argument and conclusion); the
Shakespearean, into four (the final couplet is the summary).
Subtypes of Poetry: Lyric
Poetry
d. Haiku: It has an unrhymed verse form having three lines (a
tercet) and usually 5,7,5 syllables, respectively. It's usually
considered a lyric poem that originated from Japan. It traditionally
evokes images of the natural world.

e. Limerick: It has a very structured poem, usually humorous &

composed of five lines (a cinquain), in an aabba rhyming pattern;
beat must be anapestic (weak, weak, strong) with 3 feet in lines 1,
2, & 5 and 2 feet in lines 3 & 4. It's usually a narrative poem based
upon a short and often ribald anecdote.
Subtypes of Poetry:
Narrative Poetry

a. Ballad: It is a narrative poem that has a musical

rhythm and can be sung. A ballad is usually organized
into quatrains or cinquains, has a simple rhythm
structure, and tells the tales of ordinary people.

b. Epic: It is a long narrative poem in elevated style

recounting the deeds of a legendary or historical
hero.    
Subtypes of Poetry:
Dramatic Poetry

a. Comedy: It is humorous, and satirical in tone. Characters

ultimately triumph over adversity. (e.g. A Midsummer Night’s
Dream and As You Like It)

b. Tragedy: A play dealing with tragic events like death,

suffering, hopelessness, and pain. It has an unhappy
ending, especially one concerning the downfall of the main
character. (e.g. Oedipus Rex, King Lear, Macbeth, Hamlet and
Othello)
EVEN IF IT SEEMS
TO SLOW
TO
PROSE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

a)Define prose as differentiated

from poetry through its
characteristics;
b)Define fiction; and
c)Identify the elements,
techniques, and forms of fiction.
 WHAT IS
Prose isPROSE?
a form of language
that has no formal metrical
structure. It applies a natural
flow of speech, and ordinary
grammatical structure, rather
than rhythmic structure, such as
in the case of traditional poetry.
 FICTIO
N
ELEMENTS, TECHNIQUES & FORMS OF
 WHAT IS
FICTION?
• Created from the
imagination, not
presented as fact, though
it may be based on a true
story or situation; and
• Made-up and fabricated
stories and characters
 ELEMENTS OF
A. PLOT
FICTION
Composed of the major actions
or sequence of events in a story
Is based on a key conflict
There are five basic parts of
plot (Exposition, Rising
Action/Complications, Climax,
Falling Action and Resolution)
 ELEMENTS OF
A. PLOT (continued)
FICTION
a. Exposition - the first part of the story. The author
establishes the setting, introduces characters , gives
additional background information
b. Rising Action/Complications - the series of conflicts or
struggles that build a story toward its climax. Tension rises
c. Climax - the high point, or turning point, of a story. It is the
most intense point. A decision is made that will decide the
outcome of the conflict
d. Falling Action - the action that works out the decision
arrived at during the climax. The conflict is –or begins to
be –settled
e. Resolution - the ending . It ties up loose ends and brings
the story to a close
ELEMENTS OF
FICTION
PLOT
 ELEMENTS OF
B. SETTING
FICTION
Is the time and place in which the action
occurs. Look for clues in the opening
paragraphs of the story or novel.
• Physical
- Where does the story take place?
• Chronological
- When did the story took place?
• Social Milieu/Context
- In which conditions/point in history?
 ELEMENTS OF
Is a person , FICTION
C. CHARACTER
an animal , or an imaginary
creature that takes the part in the action
of the story
 CHARACTERIZATION - the techniques
an author uses to develop the
personality of a character in a literary
work

An author can give information about a character

by describing several aspects of the character
 ELEMENTS OF
FICTION
C. CHARACTERIZATION (continued)
How the characters are
revealed
1. Direct description
2. Character in action
3. Through other characters
who help define each other
 ELEMENTS OF
FICTION
C. CHARACTERS (continued)

Major Characters
CHARACTER TYPES:

Protagonist Antagonist
- the main - the person or
character of thing working
the story that against the
is most central protagonist, or
to the action of hero, in the
 ELEMENTS OF
FICTION
C. CHARACTERS (continued)

CHARACTER TYPES: Minor Characters

Dynamic Static Characters
Characters - characters
- characters that stay the
that change same
and learn throughout the
something story
during the
 ELEMENTS OF
D. Conflict-FICTION
the main problem/
challenge presented in the story
• External
- Man vs Nature
- Man vs Man
• Internal
- Man vs Self
 ELEMENTS OF
E. SYMBOLISMFICTION
Person, object, image, word,
or event that evokes
complex ideas, usually more
abstract than literal
Universal Symbols:
water = purity
black clouds = evil approaching
 ELEMENTS OF
FICTION
F. POINT OF VIEW
Is the perspective or vantage point
from which an author presents a
story
a. 1st person – The story is told by one of
the characters in the story. The character
uses the pronouns “I” and “We”
- First person protagonist (main character’s
thoughts)
- First person observer
 ELEMENTS OF
FICTION
F. POINT OF VIEW
Is the perspective or vantage point
from which an author presents a
story
b. 3rd person- The story is told by the
narrator who stands outside of the story and
observes the events as they unfold. The
narrator uses the pronouns she, he, and they
- Omniscient
- Limited (one sided)
- Objective (camera)
 ELEMENTS OF
G. THEME FICTION
 Is the statement about life that the
author wants to share with the reader.
Often times, the reader will have to
make inferences or reasonable
guesses as to the theme of the story

Helpful hint:
Ask yourself what lesson the main character
learned in the story
 ELEMENTS OF
G. THEME FICTION
 Central idea or meaning
What the story is all about
Unifying point of all the other
elements of fiction
Result of entire story
Not one object
 ELEMENTS OF
FICTION
H. IRONY- having a contradiction in
terms of dialogues, events, and
beliefs
Verbal (dialogues)
Situational (unfolding of events)
Dramatic (character’s
belief/statement vs reader’s
understanding of truth)
 ELEMENTS OF
FICTION
I. TONE- attitude of the author
towards the subject
Serious or ironic
Sad or happy
Private or public
Angry or affectionate
Bitter or nostalgic, among others
 DRAM
A
Tries to imitate life with efficacy through
action.
 DRAMA
AND ITS
 Defining a. Aristotle
Drama Defined by Aristotle as “a criticism of life, on a
stage, with action, characters and dialogue.”
The Greek word for “deed” or “action” is dran.
Art imitates
life or life b. Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary
imitates art? “A composition in verse or prose intended
to portray life or character to tell a story
usually involving conflicts and emotions
through action and dialogue and typically
designed for theatrical performance”
 Why do
a. “The Play’s the Thing”
artists create
• Collaboration of the arts: Visual, Performing, etc.
plays?
• Flexible art
• Enhanced experience than reading in isolation
The person who
writes drama for
stage directions b. Impact and Efficacy
is known as a
• the ability to produce a desired or intended
“dramatist” or
result or effect
“playwright.”
• Catharsis- the process of releasing, thereby
providing relief from, strong or repressed
emotions; purgation/ emotional release
Elements a. Plot
of Drama • the form and structure of the
action and the arrangement of
incidents of the play.
b. Setting
• identifies the time and place in which the
events occur. It consists of the historical
period, the moment, day and season in
which the incidents take place.
Elements c. Character
of Drama • a person, animal or entity in a
story, scene or play with specific,
distinguishing attributes.

d. Conflict
• the main problem or struggle in a
story between the protagonist
and an opposing force
Elements e. Irony
of Drama • is a term with a range of
meanings, all of them
involving some sort of
discrepancy or incongruity
f. Symbolism
• a literary symbol means more
than what it is. It has layers of
meanings. 
Elements g. Theme
of Drama • is considered as the unifying element
that defines the dramatized idea of the
play. It is the over-all sense or
implication of the action. 
h. Movement
• The actor’s movements are keyed to the
structure of their speeches. The stage
directions give information as to where
the characters are, where they go, and
even the significance of their movements.
 i. Music
Elements • Some dramas incorporate music for
of Drama dramatic effect. This may be sung live
or used as a background to set the
mood of the play.. 
j. Dialogue
• The speeches the characters use to advance the action.
• The dialogue may take the form of a
a. Soliloquy – a speech in which an actor, usually alone
on the stage, utters his/her thoughts aloud, revealing
personal feelings.
b. Aside – a short speech made that other characters
onstage do not hear.
Types of a. Tragedy
Drama • The oldest of written drama, has a serious nature
• Characters experience reversals of fortune, usually
for worse; character/s await suffering/ catastrophe
• Basic emotions: pity and fear
• Ex. : Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare
b. Comedy
• Trects its subject in a lighter vein no matter how
serious the subject may be 
• Characters experience reversals of fortune, usually
for the better; things work out happily in the end
• Provokes thoughtful laughter
• Ex. The Conscious Lovers by Sir Richard Steele
Types of c. Tragicomedy
Drama • A play that does not adhere strictly to the structure
of tragedy. This is usually a serious play that also has
some of the qualities of comedy. It arouses thought
even with laughter.
• Ex: The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare

d. Farce
• It is a nonsensical genre of drama, which often
overacts or engages slapstick humor.
• Ex: Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors, The Taming of
the Shrew, and The Merry Wives of Windsor
Types of e. Melodrama
Drama • Melodrama is an exaggerated drama. It shows
events that follow each other rapidly, but seems to
be governed always by chance. The characters are
victims in the hands of merciless fate.
• Ex: Titus Andronicus by William Shakespeare

f. Musical Drama
• In musical dramas, dramatists not only tell their
stories through acting and dialogue, but through
dance as well as music. Often the story may be
comedic, though it may also involve serious subjects.
• Ex: Once by Enda Walsh, Annie: The Musical
Philippine Philippine drama takes its roots from
Drama precolonial history. It has been
shaped by the various influences of
what people think constitute
entertainment: rituals, songs,
dances, comedy, drama, and so
much more.
 Greek Hamartia – a tragic flaw that causes the
downfall of a hero.
Tragedy Hubris – excessive pride and disrespect for the

Drama: A
natural order of things.
Peripeteia – The reversal of fate that the hero
Pattern of experiences.
Anagnorisis – a moment in time when hero
Tragic makes an important discovery in the story.

Experience Nemesis – a punishment that the protagonist

cannot avoid, usually occurring as a result of his
s hubris.
Catharsis – feelings of pity and fear felt by the
audience, for the inevitable downfall of the
protagonist.
 CREATIVE
NONFICTION
A D D I N G F L AV O R T O T H E F L AV O R L E SS
QUESTIONS TO ANSWER:

• What is Creative Nonfiction?

• How is Creative Nonfiction different or similar
to the genres of Fiction and Nonfiction?
• How did Creative Nonfiction come to be?
• Why do we (have) to read/write Creative
Nonfiction texts?
WHAT IS CREATIVE NONFICTION?

• A personal essay (short writing about a particular subject)

that uses styles/techniques of fiction, such as in short stories,
to impart ideas, experiences and feelings on a real life event
• Also known through other names, “Literary Essay,” “The
Fourth Genre,” “Literature of Reality,” “The Art of Fiction,”
and “New Journalism”
• A mixture of fact and fiction
HOW IS CREATIVE NONFICTION
DIFFERENT/SIMILAR TO THE GENRES OF
FICTION AND NONFICTION?
• A different type of essay (IT’S FLAVORED, unlike
reports, historical accounts, documentaries,
biographies, memoirs, travel writing)
• Uses creative writing techniques and elements
more commonly found in fiction, poetry or
drama
HOW DID CREATIVE NONFICTION
COME TO BE?
• Genres are not static. (e.g. Shakespeare’s Plays,
Genres of Other Arts)
• It started in the Philippines during the Spanish Era.
• It was repressed during the Martial Law Era.
• It has been flourishing since the end of the Martial
Law Era.
• Creative Nonfiction became accepted as a literary
genre.
DIFFERENTIATING CREATIVE NONFICTION FROM THE
OTHER GENRES OF FICTION/ NONFICTION THROUGH A
VENN DIAGRAM
Fiction Nonfictio
n

Creative
Nonfictio
n
WHY DO WE (HAVE) TO READ/WRITE
CREATIVE NONFICTION TEXTS?
• Genres are not static.
• Memories may falter, fade, blur through time.
• Imaginative faculty may intervene in the rendition of facts
• It pursues the more potent way of telling a story, not
necessarily an objective one.
• Give us a chance to revisit and restructure our
experiences.
ROMANS 12:1-2

(1) I appeal to you therefore, brothers, by the mercies

of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice,
holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual
worship. (2) Do not be conformed to this world, but be
transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by
testing you may discern what is the will of God, what
is good and acceptable and perfect. (NLT)
GENERALIZATION

Creative nonfiction is considered

creative because, even though it is
factual, it uses creative techniques
normally used in fictional works.
 FIGURES OF SPEECH
• SIMILE – comparison of two things by using words like or as
ex. We bear her along like a pearl on a string.

• METAPHOR – a direct comparison of two unlike things or ideas

ex. Spending too much time with him is worse than swimming in a
sea of sharks.

• PERSONIFICATION – gives human traits to inanimate objects or ideas

ex. Lightning danced across the sky.
• HYPERBOLE – exaggeration
ex. I've told you to clean your room a million times!
• APOSTROPHE – a direct address to something inanimate or dead or
absent.
ex. “Oh nature, thou art my goddess.”
“Little lamb, who made thee?”
• OXYMORON – using contradictory terms
ex. The original copy is lying on the table.
This painting is pretty ugly.
• ALLUSION – refers to any scientific, historical, mythological, literary,
or biblical event or figure
ex. I am not Lazarus nor Prince Hamlet
Chocolate is my Achilles’ Heel!
 QUIZ
1.Created from the imagination, not
presented as fact, though it may be
based on a true story or situation
2.A relatively brief fictional prose
narrative that is shorter than a
novel and that usually deals with
only a few characters
3.Composed of the major actions or
sequence of events in a story
 QUIZ
4. Is the time and place in which
the action occurs
5. Is a person , an animal , or an
imaginary creature that takes
part in the action of the story
6. the main problem/ challenge
presented in the story
 QUIZ
7. Is the perspective or vantage
point from which an author
presents a story
8. Person, object, image, word, or
event that evokes complex ideas,
usually more abstract than literal
9. The statement about life that the
author wants to share with the
reader.
 QUIZ
10.Is the attitude of the author
towards the subject
 Quiz
1. From what Greek term did the 1. True or False: Drama is only
word “drama” come from? written in prose form. It
2. True or False: Drama involves cannot be written in verse or
actions and dialogues. poetry.
3. True or False: Drama is 2. It is one of the intended
designed for reading in effects of a play. It also means
isolation. purgation or emotional
release.
3. This is the main problem,
challenge or struggle the
protagonist faces in a play.
 Quiz
7. This element of drama refers to 7. This type of drama is presented
the discrepancy or incongruity with a serious nature. The
found in the play. It may be protagonist would go through
verbal, situational or dramatic. suffering or a catastrophic fate.
8. This element of drama is 8. This type of drama presents its
considered as the unifying subject in a lighter manner. It
element that defines the provokes thoughtful laughter.
dramatized idea of the play.