ADAPTIVE

STRATEGIES
AND
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
REPORTER NO. 6
KAREN CRES C. OSAYAN
 Adaptive Strategy
• means of making a living; Productive system
• a group’s system of economic production.

Yehudi Cohen’s adaptive strategies:

• Foraging
• Horticulture
• Agriculture
• Pastoralism
• Industrialism
1. Foraging
• Hunting-Gathering

• Mobility, use of natures’ resources

• Inapplicability of their environmental settings

to food production.
Correlates of Foraging
• Band organization; its flexibility allows for
seasonal adjustments.

• Members of foraging societies are socially

mobile, having the ability to affiliate with
more than one group during their lifetimes.
2. Horticulture
• nonintensive plant cultivation

• noncontinuous use crop lands.

• alternative labels: Slash-and-burn cultivation

and shifting cultivation

• Nonindustrial plant cultivation with

fallowing
 3. Agriculture

• Cultivation using land and labor

continuously and intensively

• Domesticated animals are commonly to ease

labor and provide manure.

• cultivation that requires more labor than

horticulture does.
4. Pastoralism
• based upon domesticated herd animals.
• livestock raising as the primary economic
activity
• Pastoralists live in North Africa, the 
Middle East, Europe, Asia, and sub-Saharan
Africa.
• Herders are people whose activities focus on
such domesticated animals.
5. Industrialism

• transformation of “traditional” into

“modern” societies
• Wealthy people sought investment
opportunities.
• found them in machines and engines to drive
machines.
• Industrialization increased production in
both farming and manufacturing.
Economic Systems
Economic System
• Set of institutions; direct or guide economic
activities

• Utilization of human and natural resources in

the:
• Production
• Processing
• Distribution
• Consumption of material goods and services
Social Structure of Economy

• Traditional Economy

• Command Economy

• Market Economy
1. Traditional Economy
- direct economic activities of long-time
traditional occupations and practices.
Example: planting, harvesting, consuming
rice.

2. Command Economy
– planned and overseen by a central
agency; directs or guides economic activities
to what is suitable and necessary.
3. Market Economy

– influenced by price as primary factors;

what goods and services people engage in
producing and consuming.
Panorpio (1994) Economic systems within
various continuums in a spectrum as moving from:

1. Agrarian to industrial
2. Subsistence to mechanized
3. Underdeveloped to super-develop
4. Capitalistic to socialist
5. Third-World to industrialized First-World
Different Economic Systems

• SOCIALISM

• CAPITALISM

• DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM

• COMMUNISM
Socialism
• Places much of the means of production in
public, government-operated hands.
• producing for use or need rather than producing
profit. Production is planned and distribution
organized.
• government ownership, control by gradual
means and democratic processes.
(Gordon and Dawson, 1980)
Example:
• After World War II, British socialists
carry out three major policies
• Certain basic industries were
nationalized
• Certain important welfare services
(free medical and hospital services)
• Democratic institutions (free
elections)
• Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program (CARP)
 Capitalism
• Characterized by:
• The existence of free markets; sellers and
buyers have free access.
• Freedom of enterprise; individuals have the
liberty to live and work and earn their
livelihood.
• The recognition of private property rights; free
use, enjoyment and disposal of all things
lawfully own by a person.
• Freedom of contract; individual has the
liberty of entering into agreements.
• Freedom in the pursuit of happiness.
Individuals are free to live in society and
freely enjoy their social life.
Example; Philippines and United States
have the capitalistic systems of economy
Democratic Socialism
• Compromise between the capitalist and
socialist models.
• Western Europe
• Very high tax rates are imposed to prevent
excessive profits or undue concentration
of wealth.
• States takes only strategic industries and
services into public ownership
(e.g., railways, airlines, mines, banks, radio,
telephone systems, medical services,
colleges and universities, and important
manufacturing enterprises)
Communism
• All factors of production are owned and
controlled by the State; uses them according
to a definite plan of economy for its own
benefit.

• every individual is its subject and he belongs

to it, therefore he must render to the State
his services to the best of his ability.
• Whatever is in excess of what he actually
needs goes to the state.
• Overwhelming state-run economy.
Example: Economies of People’s Republic of
China, Cuba and some countries in eastern
Europe.
Although capitalism is predominant in
the Philippines, a mixed system is
practiced because there is really no
pure system in our modern economy.
Thank you! 