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by
Chris K. Nyakey
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 bjective:
‡ To expose the students to the subject of
electromagnetic interference

 Pre--requisite:
Pre
‡ Electromagnetic Theory

 Credit Hours: 3
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|
 ïssessment:

‡ Lab: 10%

‡ Test/ïssignments/Mid
Test/ïssignments/Mid--sem: 20%

‡ Final Examination: 70%

FFICE LCïTIN
H TEL BLK C RM 52

FFICE H
R
TH
R ï : 9 ïM ± 3 PM
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!

 effrey P. Mills, "Electromagnetic
"Electromagnetic
Interference",
Interference ", Prentice Hall, 1993.

 B. Keiser, ³Principles
³Principles of
Electromagnetic Compatibility´,
Compatibility´, 3rd
edition, ïrtech House, edham, Mï,
1987
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'
 Introduction

 ïspects of EMC

 History of EMC

 Fundamentals of EMC
  (!

 Îhat is EMI?

‡ ïn electrical disturbance in a system

due to natural phenomena, low-
low-
frequency waves from
electromechanical devices or high-
high-
frequency waves (RFI) from chips and
other electronic devices
  (!
 
 Îhat is EMC?

‡ Is the ability of electrical equipment to

function satisfactorily in its
electromagnetic environment without
affecting other equipment in this
environment to an impermissible extent
  (!
 
 ources of EM Emission
‡ Lightning
‡ Relays
‡ C electric motors
‡ Flourescent lights
‡ Rectifying diodes
‡ witching components (IGBTs)
‡ High frequency transformers and chokes
‡ Power transmission lines
‡ Radio transmitters
‡ Radar transmitters
‡ igital computers
  (!

 This course is concerned with the ability of
these types of electromagnetic emissions
to cause 
  in electrical and
electronic devices

 Two types of receivers

‡ 

  

‡  

  

  (!

 ï system is electromagnetically
compatible with its environment if it
satisfies three criteria

‡ It does not cause interference in other systems

‡ It is not susceptible to emissions from other
systems
‡ It does not cause interference in itself
 "$
" |
 EMC is concerned with the generation
generation,,
transmission,, and reception of
transmission
electromagnetic energy

 These three aspects of the EMC problem

form the basic framework of any EMC
design
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" |
 Interference occurs if the received energy
causes the receptor to behave in an
undesired manner

 Transfer of electromagnetic energy occurs

frequently via unintended coupling modes

 The unintentional transfer of energy

causes interference only if the received
energy is of sufficient magnitude and/or
spectral content
 "$
" |

nintentional transmission or reception of
electromagnetic energy is not necessarily
detrimental

 It is important to understand that a source

or receptor may be classified as intended
or unintended

 Îhether the source or the receptor is

intended or unintended depends on the
coupling path as well as the type of source
or receptor
 "$
" |
 Example
‡ ïn ïM radio station transmitter whose
transmission is picked up by a radio
receiver that is tuned to that carrier
frequency constitutes an intended
emitter
‡ n the other hand, if the same ïM radio
transmission is processed by another
radio receiver that is not tuned to the
carrier frequency of the transmitter,
then the emission is unintended
 "$
" |
 There are three ways to prevent
interference

‡ uppress the emission at its source

‡ Make the coupling path as inefficient as

possible

‡ Make the receptor less susceptible to

the emission
 "$
" |
 Remember that reducing the high-
high-
frequency spectral content of an emission
tends to inherently reduce the efficiency of
the coupling path and hence reduces the
signal level at the receptor
 "$
" |
 Îe may break the transfer of
electromagnetic energy (with regard to
the prevention of interference) into four
subgroups:

‡ radiated emissions
‡ radiated susceptibility
‡ conducted emissions
‡ conducted susceptibility
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" |

 The four basic EMC subproblems:

subproblems: (a) radiated
emissions; (b) radiated susceptibility; (c)
conducted emissions; (d) conducted susceptibility
 "$
" |
 It has also become of interest to prevent
the interception of electromagnetic
emissions by unauthorized persons

 It is possible, for example, to determine

what is being typed on an electronic
typewriter by monitoring its
electromagnetic emissions

 There are also other instances of direct

interception of radiated emissions from
which the content of the communications
or data can be determined
 "$
" |
 The primary vehicle used to understand
the effects of interference is a
mathematical model

 ï mathematical model quantifies our

understanding of the phenomenon and
also may bring out important properties
that are not so readily apparent

 ïn additional, important advantage of a

mathematical model is its ability to aid in
the design process
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 The criterion that determines whether the model
adequately represents the phenomenon is
whether it can be used to predict experimentally
observed results

 If the predictions of the model do not correlate

with experimentally observed behavior of the
phenomenon, it is useless

 However, our ability to solve the equations

resulting from the model and extract insight from
them quite often dictates the approximations
used to construct the model
 
") |
 It may be said that interference and its
correction arose with the first spark-
spark-gap
experiment of Marconi in the late 1800s

 In 1901 he provided the first transatlantic

transmission using an array of copper
wires

 Technical papers on radio interference

began to appear in various technical
journals around 1920
 £! (
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 The term EMC covers both
electromagnetic emission (EME) and
electromagnetic susceptibility (EM )

EMC = Electromagnetic compatibility

EME = Electromagnetic emission
EM = Electromagnetic susceptibility
CE = Conducted emission
C = Conducted susceptibility
RE = Radiated emission
R = Radiated susceptibility
 £! (
 " |
 EMC components are used to reduce
conducted electromagnetic
interference to the limits defined in
an EMC plan or to below the limits
specified in EMC standards

 These components may be installed

either in the source or in the
disturbed equipment
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"!

 ïn 
   is
  is an electrical
apparatus which emits electromagnetic
interference

 Îe can differentiate between two main

groups of interference sources
corresponding to the type of frequency
spectrum emitted
‡ Interference sources with discrete frequency
spectrum
‡ interference sources with continuous frequency
spectrum
 



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 3
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 Electrical devices, equipment and/or
systems subject to interference and which
can be adversely affected by it are termed
disturbed equipment

 isturbed equipment can also be

categorized corresponding to frequency
characteristics

 ï distinction can be made between

narrowband and broadband susceptibility
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 Interference voltages and currents can be
grouped into
‡ common
common--mode interference
‡ differential
differential--mode interference
‡ unsymmetrical interference
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 Common-mode interference (asymmetrical
Common-
interference)
‡ occurs between all lines in a cable and reference potential
‡ occurs mainly at high frequencies (from approximately 1
MHz upwards)

 ifferential-mode interference (symmetrical

ifferential-
interference):
‡ occurs between two lines (L
(L--L, L-
L-N)
‡ occurs mainly at low frequencies (up to several hundred
kHz)


nsymmetrical interference:
‡ This term is used to describe interference between one line
and the reference potential
 #

"
" 





 In order to be able to choose the correct
EMC measures, we need to know the
characteristics of the interferences, how
they are propagated and the coupling
mechanisms

 In principle, interferences can be classified

according to their propagation mode

 ït low frequencies,
frequencies, it can be assumed that
the interference only spreads along
conductive structures
 #

"
" 





 ït high frequencies, interference is spread
virtually only by means of electromagnetic
radiation

 ïnalogously, conducted interference at

frequencies of up to several hundred kHz
is mainly differential-
differential-mode

 ït higher frequencies, it is common-

common-mode
 #

"
" 





 * capacitors and single chokes are
used to rectify or reduce differential-
differential-
mode interference

 Common-mode interference can be

Common-
reduced by current-
current-compensated
chokes and  capacitors
 #

"
" 





 The categorization of types of interference and
suppression measures and their relation to the
frequency ranges is reflected in the frequency
limits for interference voltage and interference
field strength measurements

Pc ch. = Iron powder core chokes,

but also all single chokes
* cap = * capacitors
Cc ch. = Current-compensated
chokes
 cap =  capacitors
 ,'
-"
+!
 "
 In order to understand EMC, we need
to review the basic physics behind
EMC

 There are four basic relationships

that are important to understanding
the study of EMC

 These are referred to as Maxwell¶s

equations
 ,'
-"
+!
 "
 ïlthough seemingly confusing and difficult
to use, Maxwell¶s equations basically state
the mathematical relationship between
electric and magnetic fields and waves
 The first equation, based on Gauss¶s work,
has to do with the concept that an electric
field results from enclosing a charge
 This equation is given as
 ,'
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+!
 "
 The second equation, also based on Gauss¶s
work, says that magnetic dipoles exist

 Îhat this means is that if we have a ³North

Pole´, we must also have a ³ outh Pole´, forming
a magnetic ³dipole´

 For any closed surface the magnetic flux directed

inward towards the outh Pole will equal the flux
outward from the North Pole

 This equation is given as

 ,'
-"
+!
 "
 The third equation, based on
Faraday¶s work, states that a
changing magnetic flux generates an
electric field

 This is given as
 ,'
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+!
 "
 The fourth, based on Faraday¶s work,
states that magnetic flux density is
proportional to the rate of change of
electric field

 This is given as
 ,'
-"
+!
 "
 The key to understanding EMC issues
is to find, understand and apply
these four relationships to every EMC
issue

 This will allow insight into the

unifying physics of the problem and
make it possible to understand and
solve