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ENGLISH PHONETICS

PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION
(THEORY)
English Phonetics

• Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.

• The science of phonetics aims to describe all the sounds of all the world’s languages.

Different Types of Phonetics


• Acoustic phonetics: focuses on the physical properties of the sounds of language.

• Auditory phonetics: focuses on how listeners perceive the sounds of language.

• Articulatory phonetics: focuses on how the vocal tract produces the sounds of language.
Phonemes

• Phoneme, in linguistics, is the smallest unit of speech, distinguishing one word (or word element)
from another, as the element p in “tap,” which separates that word from “tab,” “tag,” and “tan.”

• The term phoneme is usually restricted to vowels and consonants.

• Phonemes are presented in slashes like /b/, /k/, /s/ by convention.

• Phonemes have several allophones.

• Allophones are phonetic variants of phoneme. For example: the short sound of the /a/ in 'mat' and
the long sound of the /a/ in 'mad'; the long sound of /t/ in 'tea' and the short sound of /t/ in 'trip.'
Basic Sounds in English

A a [ei] N n [en]
B b [bi:] O o [ou]
C c [si:] P p [pi:]
D d [di:] Q q [kju:]
• English has 26 Alphabets E e [i:] R r [a:]
that produces 44 different F f [ef] S s [es]
sounds. G g [i:] T t [ti:]
H h [ei] U u [ju:]

I i [ai] V v [vi:]
J j [ei] W w [d blju:]
K k [kei] X x [eks]
L l [el] Y y [wai]

M m [em] Z z [zed] or [AmE zi:]


Sound Categorization
Oral and Nasal Voiced and Unvoiced Vowels and Consonant
• Oral sounds are • Voiced sounds are • A vowel is a sound that
produced by releasing produced by the is made by allowing
the air through mouth. vibration of vocal breath to flow out of the
For example: /p/, /w/, cords. For example mouth, without closing
/v/ and /x/ vowels, dipthongs and any part of the mouth
• Nasal sounds are consonants like /b/, or throat.
produced by the release /d/, /m/
of air partially or fully • Unvoiced sounds are • A consonant is a sound
through the nose. For produced when the air that is made by
example: /m/ or /ɲ/ passes through the wide blocking air from
open glottis and the flowing out of the
vocal cords does not mouth with the teeth,
vibrates. For tongue, lips or palate.
example /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/
etc
Monthongs

• A monophthong is where there is


one vowel sound in a syllable.
• There are 12 monthongs in
English:
Dipthongs and Tripthongs
• A diphthong is a sound made by
combining two vowels, specifically
when it starts as one vowel sound and
goes to another, like the 'oy' sound in
'oil.'
• There are 8 dipthongs.

• Tripthongs are sounfds that glide from


one vowel to another and to the third
one, all being produced rapidly, without
interruption.
But in modern English, both American and British, both triphthongs
are changing into the same diphthong
Problem sounds
Different words present same sound.
/c/ in car /k/
/cc/ in occassion
/ch/ in chemist
Different sounds are produced in different words.
/ch/ in chemistry-- /k/
/ch/ in machine-- /si/
Certain letters produces no sound.
/e/ in mine
/h/ in hour
• Letters that are not hinted by the graphic signs.

/gh/ in enough-- /f/

/x/ in examine--/gz/

• A symbol from the internationally accepted system of sign is used to represent


each sound.

• IPA- International Phonetic Alphabets-- is a system of phonetic notation devised


by linguistics to provide a standardized, accurate and the unique way of
representing sounds of any language.
International Phonetic Alphabet Chart
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6NiCWR-2g4&t=240s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eub0Q2KzV-I
Phonetic Transcription

• A written or printed representation of SPEECH using a phonetic alphabet.


enemy- /'enəmɪ/
floor- /'flɔ:/
ground- /'graʊnd/
heaven- /'hevən/
juice- /'dʒu:s/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cxs7fgpQsT4&t=18s

http://www.phonemicchart.com/transcribe/1000_basic_words.html
• Stress, in phonetics, intensity given to a syllable of speech by special effort in utterance, resulting in relative
loudness.

• In English there are three types of stress:

• Syllable Stress: when one syllable in a word is pronounced louder and more clearly than adjacent syllables.
Example: encyclopedia - 6 - en / cy / clo / 'pe / di / a

• Word Stress: when one word is pronounced louder and more clearly than adjacent words in a sentence.
Example: I bought you a present.

• Phrase, Clause or Sentence Stress: when one phrase, clause or sentence is pronounced louder and more
clearly than adjacent phrases, clauses or sentences in a paragraph or its emphasis is on words that carry
important information, although this can change significantly, depending on the specific meaning the speaker
wants to communicate. Example: 'She bought a new car' probably has main stress on 'car' and secondary
stress on 'bought'.
• Intonation is the melody of language and is made of pitches (high or low qualities of a
sound) that rise and fall. Intonation is used to communicate our intentions and
emotions, and it is used in spoken language to replace punctuation.

• Falling intonation is when we lower our voice at the end of a sentence.

Example: Nice to meet you.

• Rising intonation is when we raise the pitch of our voice at the end of a sentence.
Example: Are you American?
References

• http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-soundsipa.htm
• http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-sounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/
• http://www.ipachart.com/

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