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(THEORY)
English Phonetics
• The science of phonetics aims to describe all the sounds of all the world’s languages.
• Articulatory phonetics: focuses on how the vocal tract produces the sounds of language.
Phonemes
• Phoneme, in linguistics, is the smallest unit of speech, distinguishing one word (or word element)
from another, as the element p in “tap,” which separates that word from “tab,” “tag,” and “tan.”
• Allophones are phonetic variants of phoneme. For example: the short sound of the /a/ in 'mat' and
the long sound of the /a/ in 'mad'; the long sound of /t/ in 'tea' and the short sound of /t/ in 'trip.'
Basic Sounds in English
A a [ei] N n [en]
B b [bi:] O o [ou]
C c [si:] P p [pi:]
D d [di:] Q q [kju:]
• English has 26 Alphabets E e [i:] R r [a:]
that produces 44 different F f [ef] S s [es]
sounds. G g [i:] T t [ti:]
H h [ei] U u [ju:]
I i [ai] V v [vi:]
J j [ei] W w [d blju:]
K k [kei] X x [eks]
L l [el] Y y [wai]
/x/ in examine--/gz/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cxs7fgpQsT4&t=18s
http://www.phonemicchart.com/transcribe/1000_basic_words.html
• Stress, in phonetics, intensity given to a syllable of speech by special effort in utterance, resulting in relative
loudness.
• Syllable Stress: when one syllable in a word is pronounced louder and more clearly than adjacent syllables.
Example: encyclopedia - 6 - en / cy / clo / 'pe / di / a
• Word Stress: when one word is pronounced louder and more clearly than adjacent words in a sentence.
Example: I bought you a present.
• Phrase, Clause or Sentence Stress: when one phrase, clause or sentence is pronounced louder and more
clearly than adjacent phrases, clauses or sentences in a paragraph or its emphasis is on words that carry
important information, although this can change significantly, depending on the specific meaning the speaker
wants to communicate. Example: 'She bought a new car' probably has main stress on 'car' and secondary
stress on 'bought'.
• Intonation is the melody of language and is made of pitches (high or low qualities of a
sound) that rise and fall. Intonation is used to communicate our intentions and
emotions, and it is used in spoken language to replace punctuation.
• Rising intonation is when we raise the pitch of our voice at the end of a sentence.
Example: Are you American?
References
• http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-soundsipa.htm
• http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-sounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/
• http://www.ipachart.com/