Sampling theory

Some Imp Definitions

2

Population-Largest Collection or group of units that are

under observation.
Ex: All women of a society
Ex: Patients of an Hospital

Sample- A part of population

Ex: A group of women of a society of age between 20-35
Ex: 10 Patients of malaria in an Hospital

Unit- smallest object that can be investigated

Ex: A women of age between 20-35 of a society
Ex: A patient of malaria in an Hospital
 Definition

 Parameter
a numerical measurement
describing some characteristic of a
population.

population

parameter
 Definition

 Statistic
a numerical measurement
describing some characteristic of a
sample.
sample

statistic
Random Sample-
It refers to a sample that has
been chosen from a population at
random such that
each element has an equal
opportunity of being selected
in the sample

5
Sampling
Itis a procedure of selecting a
sample from a population and
estimating the parameter of
population from statistic of
sample
 Definition

 The sampling distribution of mean is the

distribution of sample mean, with all
samples having the same sample size n
taken from the same population.
Let x1 , x 2 , x3 ,...., x k be the values of
mean for k samples then the mean of
sampling distribution  xi is
k
Example - Sampling Distributions

A population consists of the values 1,

2, and 5.

We randomly select samples of size 2

with replacement. There are ______
possible samples.
Example - Sampling Distributions

A population consists of the values 1,

2, and 5.

We randomly select samples of size 2

with replacement.
There are 9 possible samples.
The number of possible samples of size n from
population with N size is Nn
For each sample, find the mean.
Sampling with replacement:

 Consider a population of potato sacks, each

of which has either 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or
18 potatoes, and all the values are equally
likely.

 If
I sample two sacks with replacement,
 then there are exactly ___ different
possibilities here.
Sampling with replacement:

 Consider a population of potato sacks, each

of which has either 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or
18 potatoes, and all the values are equally
likely.
 If I sample two sacks with replacement,
 then there are exactly 7 2 =49 different
possibilities here.

 Theyare: (12,12), (12,13), (12, 14), (12,15),

(12,16), (12,17), (12,18), (13,12), (13,13),
(13,14), etc
Sampling without replacement:

In the same population

If I sample two sacks without
replacement,
then there are exactly
___________different possibilities
here.
Sampling without replacement:

In the same population

If I sample two sacks without
replacement,
then there are exactly
C(7,2)different possibilities here.
Given by N C n =N!/(N-n)! n!
 Notation

the mean of the sample means

µx = µ
the standard deviation of sample
mean

x = n

(often called the standard error of the mean)
Summary
1. The distribution of sample x will, as the
sample size increases, approach a normal
distribution.
2. The mean of the sample means is the
population mean µ.
3. The standard deviation of all sample
n
means is 
 Standard Error

The standard deviation of a sampling

distribution of a statistic is known as
standard Error (S.E).
 
S.E for sample mean:
n
here,  is the standard deviation of population and n is the sample size.

if standard deviation of sample is given as s, then

s
S.E for sample mean:
n

The SE for two sample means with s.d  1 and  2

 12  22
with sample sizes n1 and n2   .
n1 n2
Example
A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6,
8, 11. Consider all possible samples of size two
which can be drawn with replacement from this
population.
 Find

1. Number of samples with replacement

2. Number of samples with replacement
3. the mean of the population,
4. the standard deviation of the population,
5. the mean of the sampling distribution,
6. the standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of means, i.e., the standard error of
means.
 Solution
1. Number of samples with replacement =5^2=25
2. Number of samples without replacement =C(5,2)=10
(2,3), (2,6), (2,8), (2,11), (3,6), (3,8), (3,11), (6,8), (6,11), (8,11).
Solution
Solution