ELECTRICAL FEEDER PROTECTION

FEEDER PROTECTION

Electrical feeders

Transfer of power from source to load

Connection between two circuits

- Basically Conductors
- Both insulated & non insulated
- May have joints
- Short / Medium / Long Feeders
- Long cables may store energy
- Current / Voltage feeders
 FEEDER PROTECTION
Typical faults in Electrical feeders

-Mainly insulation failure due to

Over heating

Causes of Over heating :

- Excessive currents above rated value
( Over Load)
- Very High currents ( short circuit)
- Leakage currents ( through Earth)
OVER CURRENT ….?

EARTH FAULT….?

WHERE DO THEY OCCUR….

WHY DO THEY OCCUR…..

CLASSIFICATION OF OVER CURRENT ….

OVER LOAD
LOCKED ROTOR
SHORT CIRCUIT
WHAT IS A FEEDER PROTECTION
RELAY…

PROTECTION AGAINST
OVER CURRENT AND
EARTH FAULTS

OVER CURRENT + E/F RELAY

 FEEDER PROTECTION

RATED CURRENT OF FEEDERS….?

CT RATING

Relates to the total connected load

of the feeder
 FEEDER PROTECTION
Typical Feedeer Faults

-Transformer
-Feeder

Over current Faults

Short Circuit Faults Totally
Earth Faults Three Faults
 FEEDER PROTECTION

OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY

-Only O/C Relays

1 or 2 or 3 elements
Where is
-Only E/F Relays Short Circuit
1 element Relay ???

-Combined O/C + E/F Relays

4 Elements
 FEEDER PROTECTION

OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY

CONVENTIONAL - 2O/C+1E/F

NUMERICAL - 3O/C +1E/F

Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION

CONNECTIONS
R Y B OVER CURRENT RELAY

O/C
RELAYS
 FEEDER PROTECTION
Over Current /E/F Relay

CONNECTIONS
R Y B E/F RELAY- RESIDUAL

O/C
RELAY
 FEEDER PROTECTION
Over Current /E/F Relay

CONNECTIONS
R Y B E/F RELAY - WITH CBCT

O/C
RELAY
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION

CONNECTIONS
R Y B 2 PH. OVER CURRENT +
EARTH FAULT RELAY

3 x O/C RELAYS
 FEEDER PROTECTION
Over Current /E/F Relay
CONNECTIONS
R Y B 3 PH. OVER CURRENT +
EARTH FAULT RELAY

4 x OC
RELAYS
 FEEDER PROTECTION

OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY

CONCEPT OF

LOW SET PROTECTION

HIGH SET PROTECTION

INVERSE TIME DELAYS

DEFINITE TIME DELAYS
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION

Definite Time
Trip Time delay
Inverse Time

CONCEPT OF :
INVERSE TIME CURVES
TMS SETTING
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION

Inverse time delays

Y axis is time delay
Y axis is log scale

X axis is ratio of feeder current Vs.

set current
t

I/Is 10
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION

Inverse Time Characteristics

Normal Inverse 1.3 sec

Normal Inverse 3 sec
Very Inverse
Extremely Inverse
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION

Why Inverse Time Characteristics

To follow the damage curve of feeder

Inverse Time Curves FEEDER PROTECTION
Time delayEquations

t(I) = [ A ] * TMS

[ (I/Is)a – 1 ]
A a

Normal Inverse 1.3 Sec 0.0613 0.02

Normal Inverse 3 sec 0.1414 0.02
Very inverse 13.5 1
Extremely Inverse 80 2
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION

TIME MULTIPLIER SETTING

 Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
Settings (Front Panel)

Inverse time delays

TMS=1

Is=2 Is=4 Is=6 Is=8 Is=10 Is=15 Is=20

Normal Inv 3 sec 10.13 5.03 3.87 3.33 3 2.54 2.29

Normal Inv 1.3 sec 4.39 2.18 1.68 1.44 1.3 1.1 .99

Very Inverse 13.5 4.5 2.7 1.93 1.5 .96 .71

Extremely Inverse 26.66 5.33 2.28 1.27 0.81 0.36 0.20

Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
TMS Settings

TMS is time delay setting for inverse time characteristics

- TMS is not a direct reading

- Actual Time delay is defined by TMS setting
and inverse time curve specification

-TMS setting is a number which can vary

from 0.1 to 1 in EM relays and
from 0.5 to 2 ( in steps of 0.05) in Numerical relays

- Normal Inverse 1.3 sec curve or 3 sec curve is used

in 95% of over current + EF protections
Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
TMS Settings

The actual time delay :

The time identity of curve selected ( like 1.3 / 3 sec)
is the time delay when the fault current is
10 times the set value provided the TMS setting =1

Acual time delay for a given fault current ( I/Is) =

TMS x Time delay as per the Curve ID at the fault level

REFER EXCEL SHEET

Over Current /E/F Relay FEEDER PROTECTION
TMS Settings

IMPORTANCE OF
MORE CURVES

REFER EXCEL SHEET

 FEEDER PROTECTION
Over Current /E/F Relay

High Set point ( Short circuit Protection)

-Pick up is in terms of low set point / rated current

( like 4 time the LS or Rated)

- Time delay is instantaneous

Time delayed High set

 FEEDER PROTECTION

Over Current +E/F Relay – LS Protection - Settings

LS Pick up for O/C 50 to 200%

LS Time Delay for O/C Inverse Time

LS Pick up for E/F 10 to 40%

LS Time Delay for E/F Inverse Time

Note : the percentages are w.r.t. CT rating

 FEEDER PROTECTION
Facilities required in
Over Current /E/F Relay

- LS Pick up range of 50% to 200%

- Curve selection
- TMS selection

- High set pick up range of 200% to 1600%

- High set time delay from 10ms to 500ms
 FEEDER PROTECTION
Over Current /E/F Relay

Testing

From Front Panel By pressing the test PB

By SCITS Refer a separate document on

Secondary current injection test
procedure for MC12A
FEEDER PROTECTION - VARIATIONS

SENSITIVE E/F
BREAKER FAILURE
FAULT LOCATION
UNBALANCE
AUTO RECLOSING
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY

SENSITIVE E/F
- ISSUES
- SETTINNGS
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY

BREAKER FAILURE SCHEME

CONVENTIONAL CDG61
VTT

NUMERICAL BUILT IN
SECOND HIGH SET
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY

UNBALANCE

-VECTORIAL
- SCALAR
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY

FAULT LOCATION

- V/I PRINCIPLE
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT RELAY

AUTO RECLOSING FUNCTION

- RECLOSE CONTACT
- RECLOSE TIME INTERVAL
- LOCK OUT

SCHEME COMPLICATIONS
- RECLOSE ON HS