Objectives

• Operating Systems vs Applications

• Describe types of applications
3.2 Software • Compare User Interfaces
• Analyze software licensing and its impact
IB ITGS 1 • Explain the importance of Accessibility
• What happen when software fails?
Computer Software in Plain English
 How Computers Work

Application displays the

User interacts with
output of the process to
software to achieve a goal
the user

Application sends
The OS translates the
information/requests to the
information to a protocol
OS to be translated into
understandable to the
code that hardware
application
understands

Hardware responds to OS’s The Operating System uses

request and outputs Device Drivers to operate
information back to the OS Hardware and determines
where in memory data is
stored
Common Operating Systems
• Desktops/Servers
• Microsoft Windows
• MacOS
• Unix
• Linux
• Mobile
• SymbianOS
• Android
• iOS
Utility Software
Disk Optimizes Disk Performance
Defragmentation
Backup Programs Backup Critical Data
Encryption Security
System Monitoring Keeps an eye on system resources (Memory, Processor
usage)
Disk Clean Up Deletes unnecessary files
Accessibility Options Options for disabled users
Anti-Virus Software Find and remove malicious software
System Updates Updates OS for security and performance
Compression Compresses file to save disk space
Software
Compression

What are some

shortcuts you take
when you text?
 Compression: Lossy vs Lossless
• Lossy • Lossless
• Loses data when • Doesn’t lose data
compressed and when compressed
and instead rewrites
uses an the original file in an
approximation to efficient manner
fill in the lost data
when
uncompressed
Security
• What makes a good password?
• https://howsecureismypassword.net/
• Security tips
• Role of the Operating System
• Logins
• Software Firewalls
 Data Loss
Accidental Deletion Very Common; Use file recovery

Administrative Errors Need for Care

Poor data storage organization system Data can’t be found; Restructure data organization

Building fires Rare, Store data offsite

Closing the program without saving the Very Common; Need for care and use Autosave
file
Computer viruses Very common; Antivirus Software and Regular Backups

Continued use after signs of failure Need for Self-monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (SMART); Backups

Data corruption Errors in Computer Data; Regular Backups

Firmware corruption HD Failure, Regular Backups

Natural Disasters Rare; Store data offsite and regular backups

Outsides wanting to delete, alter, or steal Regular backups; Firewall; Authentication

Physical Damage Regular Backups and Care

Power Failure UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply); Regular Backups

Data Loss
○ Consequences
○ Prevention
□ Regular Backups
□ Firewalls
□ Offsite Storage/Backups
□ Removable Hard Copies
□ Antivirus
□ Human Error Reduction Techniques
□ Online/Cloud auto save backup
□ Failover System is a system that is capable of switching to a
spare computer system upon hardware failure, network
failure, etc.
□ Switchover System is a system in which the primary and
secondary server interchange the primary role at set intervals
Backups
• Full
• Backs up EVERYTHING
• Incremental
• Backs up only changes since the last backup
• Differential
• Same as Incremental, but restores much faster
• Mirror
• Exact copy of data
• What affects the original also affects the mirror
Application Software
• Word Processing • Graphics Software
Software
• Audio Software
• Desktop Publishing
Software • Video Editing Software

• Presentation Software • Multimedia Software

• Spreadsheet Software • Accounting Software

• Database Software • Note Taking Software

• Web Browsers
Licensing
• Intellectual Property – creations of the mind
(inventions, literature, art, designs, symbols, names,
images, etc.)
• Commercial Software – Licensed Software
• Shareware – Meant to be used as a trial
• Freeware – Free forever
• Public Domain – Creator has relinquished all rights
Piracy
Commercial Licensing
• EULA (End User Licensing Agreement)
• Single User License
• Multi-User License
• Site License
Creative Commons Licensing
Open Source/Closed Source
• Source code
• FOSS (Free and Open Source Software)
• Security Concerns
• Importance of Transparency

Open Source Explained

What is the Cloud?
 The Cloud
Advantages
Software and are available from any location that has
internet access, regardless of the computer being used.
There is no need to manage, maintain, and upgrade a
network of computers with lots of application software
installed. Upgrades to the cloud software are
automatically available on all computers immediately
Reliability & Integrity: there is less need to maintain
backup and test procedures for data stored on the cloud
Some cloud computing applications let multiple users
work simultaneously on the same document
(collaboration)
Disadvantages
Reliability: A fast and reliable internet connection is
required. Unreliable connections may result in inability to
work for long periods of time. If lots of users are using the
cloud computing system, a lot of bandwidth is needed.
Security: You are reliant on the cloud computing provider
having adequate security measures to prevent your data
falling into the hands of unauthorized users both during
transit and when stored on the remote server.
Reliability & Integrity: You are relying on the cloud
computing provider to have adequate backup procedures
to prevent loss of data if their systems fail.
Globalization & Cultural Diversity: There are concerns
about the legal status of data stored on cloud computing
servers in different parts of the world. Varying
international laws may mean that data is subject to
government inspection or may be considered illegal, even
though it would not be in the user’s home country.
Interfaces
• GUI (Graphical User Interface)
• Users do not need to remember specific commands - easier for new users to use
• Users use icons to remember commands
• Commands are grouped in menus and toolbars
• More complex to implement by a programmer
• Requires more memory
• Requires a graphical monitor and a pointing device

• CLI (Command Line Interface)

• Easier to implement by a programmer
• Requires less memory to run
• Can be run on computer systems without a graphical monitor
• Quicker to type in a command than to use a mouse - experienced users may find useful
• Users need to remember specific commands - hard for new users to use
• MDI (Menu Driven Interface)
• User does not need to remember lots of commands
• Users can generally guess how to use a program without a guide
• You have to switch screens to access menus
Reliability
• What is reliability?
• Y2k
• Denver Airport