HYDRAULICS

Lekshmi Rajesh
SEWAGE TREATMENT

 1. prevent spread of disease

 2. avoid obnoxious smells and offensive
sights
 3. keep rivers and streams clean so that
they may be safely used for water
supply, recreation and support of fish life
TREATMENT OF SEWAGE
 Aerobic decomposition – aerobic bacteria dominate in
an atmosphere where oxygen is freely available.
 Input of O2 and output of CO2 and C and N compounds

 Anaerobic decomposition – in a compact mass of

sewage, the free oxygen is rapidly used up and unless
there is a continuous reaeration, then anaerobic
bacteria take over the decay process.
 Methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide – offensive smells, as
well as C and N compounds
 The impurities, which are mainly of organic or animal origin, but with an
appreciable proportion of inorganic or mineral matter, can for practical
purposes be divided into three categories, namely
 (1) substances suspended in the liquid,
 (2) substances dissolved in the liquid, and
 (3) extremely finely divided `colloidal’ substances midway between the two.
 PRIMARY TREATMENT
 Grit Separation and Screening

 Primary Sedimentation

 SECONDARY TREATMENT
 Percolating Biological Beds

 The Activated Sludge Process

 Final Sedimentation

 TERTIARY TREATMENT
PRIMARY TREATMENT
Grit Separation and separate relatively heavy
inorganic grit and silt, (`detritus’), which is always
present in sewage.
It is desirable to remove this material prior to the
main sedimentation treatment – affect mechanical
equipment
Detritus Tank: Channel section or tank: velocity of
0.3m /s
Screening
`screens’ made of bars - spaced usually 19 to 25mm apar-
removing any floating materials larger than this size
to intercept trash, wood, large rags etc, which would clog
channels or damage pumps.
The screenings collected are of an obnoxious character and
their hygienic disposal can be difficult.
Four methods of disposal which have been employed:

1) burial,
(2) incineration,
(3) maceration, and return to the sewage
(4) washing to remove the obnoxious materials.
Primary Sedimentation

 impurities suspended in the body of the liquid gradually settle and

are removed in the form of a liquid sludge
 passing the sewage through large tanks thus permitting the
suspended particles to subside to the floor of the tank whilst the
settled effluent passes forward.
 The units employed for this purpose may be
 horizontal-flow,
 upward-flow, or
 radial-flow tanks.
 Effective sedimentation removes from sewage the great
bulk of the suspended impurities, but the resulting tank effluent is
contains the whole of the dissolved impurities and also the colloidal
matter. It is still putrefactive and further purification is required.
Percolating Biological Beds
 consists essentially of a bed of hard medium,
generally about 2m deep, over which settled sewage
is sprinkled.
 Medium become covered with a jelly-like film in which
the necessary bacteria grow
 As the sewage percolates downwards over these
biologically active surfaces the microscopic organisms
attack and destroy the contained impurities;
 free access of air into the beds is also vital to the
process.
 moving distributor is utilised

 Only sewage is in motion

The Activated Sludge Process
 Sewage & Micro organisms are moving
 the necessary bacteria are added to the sewage
 the resulting mixture aerated
 It is agitated in aeration tanks or channels so that the bacteria
and sewage consequently move together.
 The bacteria are present in a culture known as
`activated sludge‟, a brownish turbid liquid containing
solid bacterial `flocs‟ in suspension and initially
prepared by prolonged aeration of sewage itself.
 Combined processes

 Final Sedimentation – Clarifiers

 TERTIARY TREATMENT
‘consent to discharge’ from a sewage treatment

 Effluent standard is set by the Environmental Agency

(EA) when permission to discharge to a water course is
given.
 The river quality objectives (RQO‟s) are set in relation
to the following classifications:-
 1A High quality (virtually unpolluted river water, typically found in mountain and
upland streams)
 1 B Good quality (although below the high standard of 1A)
 2 Fair
 3 Poor
 4 Bad quality (grossly and unacceptably polluted)
 These quality classifications are defined in respect of dissolved oxygen,
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia content, and non toxicity or
otherwise to fish according to criteria laid down by the EC. nt works.
 The standard of sewage effluent is often expressed in
terms of two factors:-
 a) concentration of suspended solids (SS) in the effluent – the
presence of these solids may result in deposition and the
creation of anaerobic conditions.
 b) 5-day BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) –
 A standard for effluent quality, based on these two
factors was laid down by a Royal Commission (1912).
This is called the 30/20 standard
 30 ppm SS and 20 ppm BOD