Heat Lesson 07

Chapter 7
Forced Convection inside tubes

การถ่ ายเทความร้ อน (Heat Transfer)
Chapter 7
Forced Convection inside tubes
7.1 Introduction
Heating and cooling of fluids flowing

inside conduits are among the most important
heat transfer processes in engineering
ครุศาสตร์เครื่องกล
lnviscid flow region
u  r, t  Boundary layer region
u
ro
rrr
x Hydrodynamic entrance region Fully developed region

x fd, h
พฤติกรรมบริเวณทางเข้ าและย่ าน fully - developed

สำหรับการไหลแบบราบเรียบภายในท่ อกลม
If the pipe Reynolds number for the fully

developed flow is below 2100 for laminar
flow in a circular tube the hydraulic entry
length can be expressed by
 X fullydevel oped 
   0 . 05 R eD ........ 1 
 D  lam
and
 X fullydevel oped 
   0 . 05 R eD Pr ........  2 
 D  lam ,T
r
รู ปการสมดุลย์ ของแรงทีก่ ระทำต่ อชิ้นส่ วนเล็กๆในย่ าน

fully - developed สำหรับการไหลแบบราบเรียบในท่ อกลม
 x fd, t 
   0.05 Re D Pr
 D  lam Surface condition
Ts  T r,0  q"s
y  ro  r
T  r,0  T  r,0  Ts T  r,0  Ts

T r,0
Thermal entrance Fully developed region

x x fd, t
การเกิด thermal boundary layer ภายในท่ อกลม


q"i  h i Ts,i  Tm 
q"o  h o  Ts,o  Tm 
h D
Nu o  o h
k
hD
Nu i  i h
k
การไหลภายในท่ อรู ปวงแหวน

7.2 Analysis of laminar forced convection

in a long tube
For fully developed laminar flow in a
tube the friction factor in a tube is simple
function of Reynolds number
64
f 
R eD
7.2.1 Uniform heat flux

hD
From equation N UD   4 . 364
k
กราฟ สำหรับเฟคเตอร์ ความฝื ดในย่ าน fully - developed สำหรับในท่ อกลม
Ex 7.1
Insulation Water out 40 C°
ID  0 . 02 m
Water in 10 C° q   15 ,000w / m 2
m  0 . 01 kg / S
Heater L
Tube
Neglecting any entrance effect determine
( a ) the Reynold number

10  40
Tf 
2
 25 Cº
From table
  997 kg / m 3 C
p
 4180 J / kg .K
k  0 . 608w / m .K   910  10 6 N .S / m 2
U D 4 m
R eD  
 D
 4  0 . 01 
= 
 0 . 02   910  10 6 
= 699
( b ) the heat transfer coefficient.

From
k
h  4 . 36
D
= 4 . 36
 0 . 608 
 0 . 02 
h  132 . 5w / m K
2
( c ) the length of pipe needed for a 30 c

increase in average temp.
From a heat balance
q L  m C P T out  T in 
m C P T
L 
Dq 
L
 0 . 01   4180  30  
  0 . 02 15000 
L  1 . 33 m
( d ) the inner tube surface temp. at the outlet

from

q  q  h T w  T b 
A
q
T w  Tb
Ah
15000
Tw   40
132 . 5 1 
T w  153 . 2C 
( e ) the friction factor

64
f 
R eD
64
f 
699
f  0 . 0915
( f ) the pressure drop in the tube

 L  U 
 2
from p  P1  P2  f  
 D  2 g 
4 m
U 
D 2
4  0 . 01 
U   0 . 032 m / S
 997   0 . 02 
p   0 . 0915  66 . 5 
 997  0 . 032 
2
 kg .m 
21 2

 N / S 
p  3 . 1N / m 2
( g ) the pumping power required if the

pump is 50% efficiency
m p
P 
 P
P 
 0 . 01  3 . 1 
 997  0 . 5 
5
P  6 . 2  10 w
7.2.2 Uniform Surface Temperature

When the tube surface temperature rather
than the heat flux is uniform the Nusselt number
is found to be a constant
hD
N UD   3 . 66 T s  Const ........ 7 . 4
k
For a constant wall temperature only bulk

temperature increases along the duct and the
temperature potential decreases ( see figure )
the heat balance equation can be expressed
by dq  m C dTb  q Pdx p
Entrance
Eully developed
T region T
region Ts(x)
Ts(x)
Ts-Tb
T in
Tb(x)
Tb(x)
x x
(a) Constant heat flux (b) Constant Surface Temp
Tm, o
Tm,i
L
AIR
การถ่ ายเทความร้ อนระหว่ างของไหลทีอ่ ยู่ภายในท่ อและภายนอกท่ อ

x/D
 Gz 1 Constant surface
Re D Pr
heat flux
20
10
5
4 4.36
3 Constant surface temperature 3.36
2
1
0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1
ค่ า local number ในย่ านทางเข้ าสำหรับการไหลแบบราบเรียบในท่ อกลม

From the preceding we can obtain a

relation for the bulk temperature gradient in
the x-direction
dTb qP P
  h  Ts  Tb 
dx mC
 p mC p
dTb d T b  T s 
since 
dx dx
SEPATING VARIABLE ;
Tout d ( T ) P l
 Tin T
 .
m 
0
hdx
WHERE
 Tout  PL
ln   . h
 Tin  m Cp
1 L
WHERE h
L 0
hdx
Tout   hPL 
  exp  . 
Tin  m Cp 
The rate heat transfer by convection to or from fluid

flowing through a duct with Ts=const. can be
expressed in the form
q  m Cp  Ts  Tb, in    Ts  Tbout  
.
 m Cp  Tin  Tout 
.
And substituting from Eq.(7.7),we get
 Tout  Tin 
q  hAs  
 ln  Tout / Tin  
Ex Calculate the length of the tube required
O
CONDENSING STEAM OIL OUT 45 C
O
100 C ID=1.0 Cm
OD=1.04 Cm
OIL IN 350 C
0.05 Kg / s
COPPER TUBE
Sol Properties for oil at 40 0 C( from App.)

Cp = 1964 J/kg.K ;  
3
kg / m
K = 0.144w/m.K ;  
2
N .S / m
Pr = 28.7
The Re D 
4m

 4 0.05.
 30.03
D   0.21 0.01
And the average heat transfer coefficient for a
constant temp
k 3.66 0.144 
h  Nu D   52.7 W / m 2 .K
D 0.01
The rate of heat transfer is

q  Cpm  Tb, out  Tb, in 
.
 1966 0.05  45  35  983W .

Find the LMTD is
Tout  Tin 55  65
LMTD  
ln Tout / Tin  ln  55 / 65
 59.9 K
WHERE As =  , D, L
q 983
L 
 D; h LMTD   0.01 52.7  59.9
 9.92 m.
Hausen present for Fully developed laminar

flow in tube at constant wall temperature
0.0668 d / L  Re d Pr
Nu D  3.66  2
1  0.04  d / L  Re d Pr  3
The empirical Relation was proposed by Sieder

and Tate For laminar heat transfer in tubes,
1/3 0 . 14
d    
Nu d  1 . 86  Re d Pr 
1/3
   
L  W 
The pressure drop p In tubes are defined by
2
 
L um
p  f   
 d  2 gC
Where um is the mean flow velocity

CORRELATION FOR LAMINA FORCE CONVECTION
Short circuit and rectangular
For very short tubesducts
or rectangular ducts with
initially uniform velocity and temperature distribution
having prandtl number between 0.7 and 15.0 when L/D
is less than
0.0048 Re D For tubes and when L / DH is less than 0.0021
Re DH For flat ducts of liquids and gases leading to
Re DH Pr DH  1 
Nu DH  ln  0.5 
4L  
1  2.654 / Pr  Re DH Pr DH / L  
0.167
Heat transfer and Friction in fully developed lamina

flow Through duct . The results are summarized in
table 7.1
Table 7.2 Nusselt number and friction factor for

fully developed laminar Flow in an
Annulus
Di
Do N UI N UD f Re DH
0.00 - 3.66 64.00
0.05 17.46 4.06 86.24
0.10 11.56 4.11 89.36
0.25 7.37 4.23 93.08
0.50 5.74 4.43 95.12
1.00 4.86 4.86 96.00
The rate of heat transfer and the corresponding Nusselt

numbers are
q i  h i D i LTs , i  b  q o  h o Do LTs , o  b 
h i DH h o DH
Nu i  ; Nu o 
k k
Where DH = Do - Di
Ex. Calculate the average heat transfer

coefficient and friction factor for flow of n-butyl
alcohol at Tb = 293K
4  0.1  0.1
Sol DH   0 . 1m
4  0.1
Properties at 293K
P = 810 kg/m3 , Cp = 2366 J/kg.K
Pr= 50.8
 = 29.5x10-4 Ns/m2 ,  = 3.64x10-6 m2/s
k = 0.167 w/mk
From table 7.1

0 . 167
h  2 . 976  4 . 97W / m 2  K
0.1
h DH
N u DH   2 . 976
k
And from table
f Re DH  56 . 91
56 . 91
f   0 . 0691 Answer
824
Coiled Tubes
Coiled tubes are used in heat exchanger
equipment to obtain a large heat transfer area
per unit volume and to enhance the heat
transfer coefficient on the inside surface
The Nusselt number can be expressed
by ; Three regions can be distinguished
1) The region of small Dean number,
Dn < 20

N u  1 . 7 Dn Pr
2
 1
6
2) 20 < Dn < 100 ;

N u  0 . 9 Re Pr 2
 1
16
3) 100 < Dn < 830 ;

0 . 07
0 . 43 D 
1
N u  0 . 7 Re D Pr   6
 dc 
All three equation are valid for 10 < Pr < 600
The Nusselt number for a uniform heat flux and

uniform surface temperature in coiled tubes
In laminar flow, the friction factor in a coiled tube.

 64   21 . 5Dn 
fc ; f c      5 . 73
 Re D   1 . 56 iog 10 Dn  
for 2000 > Dn > 13.5
Where Dn  Re D D  dc
 1
2
Heat and momentum transfer in turbulent flow

The heat transfer in fully developed turbulent flow in
smooth tubes is that recommended by Dittus and
Boelter ; 0.8
N u d  0 . 023 Re d
n
Pr
0.4 for heating 0f fluid

Where n=
0.3 for cooling of fluid
for 0.6  Pr  100
More recent information by Gńielinski suggests

that better results for turbulent flow in smooth tubes
may be obtained from;
Nu  0 . 0214 Re  0.8

 100 Pr 0.4
for 0.5  Pr  1.5;104  Re  5  106
or  
Nu  0 . 021 Re 0.87  280 Pr 0.4
for 1.5  Pr  500 ; 300  Re  106
In the entrance region the flow is not developed, and

Nusselt number recommended by;
0 . 055
0.8 1 D 
Nu d  0 . 036 Re d Pr 3  
L
for 10  L/D  400
Where Lis the Length of the tube and d is the tube

diameter.
Petukhov has developed a more accurate, expression

for fully developed turbulent flow in smooth tubes;
f 
  Re D Pr n
8  b 
Nu D   
 f  2  2 3   w 
1
1 . 07  12 . 7    Pr  1 
8  
Where n = 0.11 for Tw > Tb ;
n = 0.25 for Tw < Tb

n=0 for const. heat flux or for gas
f  1 . 82 log10 Re d  1 . 64 
2
And
Equation is applicable for the following;
0.5  Pr  200 for 6% accuracy

0.5  Pr  2000 for 10% accuracy
104  Red  5  106

b
0.8    40
w
Nusselt number by kays
• NUDH = cReDH 0.8 Pr 0.3 n
0.020 for uniform surface temp.

C
0.021 for uniform heat flux
0.575 for heating

n
0.150 for cooling

• NuD = 5 + 0.015 Read Prwb

a = 0.88 - 0.24
4 + Prw
b = 1/3 + 0.5 e- 0 . 6 Prw
• for 0.1  Pr  10 5 ; 10 4  Red  10 6
Ex. Turbulent heat transfer in a tube. Air at

2 atm and 200 C is heated as it flows
through a tube with a diameter of 1 in ( 2.54
cm ) at a velocity of 10 m/s.
Calculate the heat transfer per unit length
of tube if a constant heat – flux condition is
maintained at the wall and the wall
temperature is 20 C above the air
temperature , all along the length of the tube.
How much would the bulk temperature in
crease over a 3 – m length of the tube ?
Solution
• We first calculate the Reynolds number to

determine if the flow is laminar or turbulent ,
and then select the appropriate empirical
correlation to calculate the heat transfer. The
properties of air at a bulk temperature of 200
C
P = P
RT
= (2) ( 1.0132  105 )
(287) (473)
= 1.493 kg /m3 ( 0.0932 / bm / ft3)
Pr = 0.681
  = 2.57  10- 5 kg / m.s (0.0622 /bm / h.ft)
• k = 0.0386 W/m - C (0.0223 Btu / h.ft.F )
• CP = 1.025 kJ / kg C
Red = umd

= (1.493) (10) (0.0254)
2.57  10 – 5
= 14,756
Nud = hd
k
= 0.024 Red 0.8 Pr 0.4
= (0.023) (14,756) 0.8 (0.681) 0.4
= 42.67
h = k Nud
d
= (0.0386) (42.67)
0.0254
= 64.85 W / m2. C
The heat flow per unit length is then
q = hd ( Tw – Tb )
L
= (64.85)  (0.0254) (20)
= 103.5 W /m
We can now make an energy balance to

calculate the increase in bulk temperature
in a 3.0 – m length of tube:
q = m  cp  Tb = L q
L
m = um d2
4
= (1.493) (10)  (0.0254) 2
4
= 7.565  10 – 3 kg / s
• So that we insert the numerical values in the

energy balance to obtain
( 7.565 10 –3 ) ( 1025 ) Tb = ( 3.0 ) ( 103.5 )
And
 Tb = 40.04 C
Example
Heating of water in laminar tube flow. Water at 60C enters a tube of
1 in (2.54 cm) diameter at a mean flow velocity of 2 cm/s. calculate the
exit water Temperature it the tube is 3.0 m long and the wall temperature
is constant at 80 C
Sol; we first calculate Reynold number at the in let bulk temperature to

Determine the flow regime. The properties of water at 60°C are
 = 985 kg/m3 cp = 4.18 kJ/kg.C  = 4.71 x 10 – 4 kg/m.s

k = 0.651 w/m.C Pr = 3.02
ud ( 985 )( 0 . 02 )( 0 . 0254 )

Red = = = 1062
 4 . 71 x 10 4
So the flow is laminar. Calculating the additional

parameter, we have
d (1062 )( 3 . 02 )( 0 . 0254 )
Red.Pr. = = 27.15 > 10
L 3
 T b1  T b 2 
q = hdL = T w 
2
 = m cp T b 2  T b 1  …...(a)
 
At the wall Temperature of 80°C we Have
W = 3.55 x 10 –4 km/m.s
From Equation
1/3 0 . 14
 (1062 )( 3 . 02 )( 0 . 0254 )   4 . 71 
Nud = 1 . 86      = 5.816
 3   3 . 55 
h=
k .Nu d = ( 0 . 651 )( 5 . 816 ) = 149.1 w/m2.C
d 0 . 0254
The mass Flow Rate is
d 2
( 985 ) ( 0 . 0254 ) 2
( 0 . 02 )
m = 

um = = 9.982 x 10 –3 kg /s
4 4
Inserting the value for h into Eq.(a) along with m and

Tb1 = 60 C and Tw = 80 C gives
149 . 1   0 . 0254  3 . 0  80  T b 2  60 

 2 
=  9.982 x 10  4180 T

3
b2  60  ………….(b)
This Equation can be solved to give

Tb2 = 71.98 C
This,we should go back and evaluate properties at

71 . 98  60
T b 2 mean   66  C
2
We obtain
 = 982 kg/m3  = 4.36 x 10 –4 kg/m.s
Cp = 4185 J/kg.C k = 0.656 w/m.C
Pr = 2.78
(1062 )( 4 . 71 )
Red = = 1147
4 . 32
Re.Pr. = (1147 )( 2 . 78 )( 0 . 0254 ) = 27.00

3
0 . 14
1 / 3  4 . 36 
Nud = 1 . 86  27 . 00     5 . 743
 3 . 55 
( 0 . 656 )( 5 . 743 )
h= = 148.3 w/m2.C
0 . 0254
We Insert this value of h back into Eq.(a) to obtain
Tb2 = 71.88 C
Ex
• Heat transfer in a rough tube. A 2.0 cm.

diameter tube haring a relative roughness
• of 0.001 is maintained at a constant wall
temperature of 90๐c. water enters the tube
at 40๐c. and leaves at 60๐c. If the entering
velocity is 3 m/s, calculate the length of
tube necessary to accomplish the heating.
Sol
we first calculate the heat transfer from
.
q = m c T = (989)(3.0)(0.01) (4174)(60-40)
p b
2
= 77,812 w.
For the rough-tube condition, we may employ the
petukhov relation, Eq.(6-7). The mean film
temperature is.
Tƒ = 90+50 = 70๐c
2
And the fluid properties are.

 = 978 kg/m3 µ = 4.0 x 10-4 kg/m.s
k = 0.664 w/m.๐c Pr =2.54
Also
µb = 5.55 x 10-4 kg/m.s
µw =2.81 x 10-4 kg/m.s
The Reynolds number is thus
Red= (978)(3)(0.02) = 146,700
4.0 x 10-4
Consulting Fig. 6-4,we find the friction factor as
ƒ = 0.0218 ƒ/8 = 0.002725
Because Tw > Tb , we take n = 0.11, and obtain
0.11
Nud= (0.002725)(146,700)(2.54) 555
1.07+(12.7)(0.002725)1/2(2.542/3 –1) 2.81
= 666.8
h = (666.8)(0.664) =22138 W/m2.๐c

0.02
The tube length is then obtained from the energy
balance
q = hdL(Tw - Tb ) = 77,812 W
L = 1.40 m
Liquid Metals
The Nusselt numbers for heating of mercury in long
tubes, Lubarsky and Naufman found that the relation;
NuD = 0.625 (Red Pr)0.4 ......7.21
The Nusselt number for Liquid metals flowing in

smooth tubes can be obtained from.
NuD = 4.82+0.0185 (Red Pr)0.827 .....7.22
for the heat flux uniform in the range Red Pr > 100 and
L/d > 30,
NuD = 3.0 Red 0.0833 ......7.23
For a constant surface temperature, Seban and

Shimazaki found that the equation,
NuD = 5.0 + 0.025 (Red Pr)0.8 .......7.24
for Red Pr > 100 ; L/d > 30
Ex
A liquid metal flows at a mass rate of 3 kg/s
through a constant – heat flux 5 cm-ID tube in a
nuclear reactor. The fluid at 473 K is ty be
heated, and the tube wall is 30 K above the fluid
temp. Determine the length of the tube required
for a 1 K rise in bulk temp,using the following
properties.
 = 7.7 x 103 kg/m3 ; cp = 130 J/Kg.K

 = 8.0 x 10-3 m2/s ; k = 12 W/m.k ;
Pr = 0.011
Sol
.
q = m c T = (3.0)(130)(1) = 390 Watt
p
ReD
.
=m D= (3) (0.05)
 A (7.7 x 103)((0.05)2)(8 x 10-3)
4
= 1.24 x 105
From h = k 0.625 (ReD Pr)0.4

D
= 12 0.625(1.24 x 105 x 0.011)0.4
0.05
= 2692 W/m2 .K
The surface area required is
A = DL = q
h(Ts - Tb)
= 390
(2692)(30)
= 4.88 x 10-3 m2
The required length is
L= A = 4.88 x 10-3
D (0.05)
= 0.0307 m
a b
c d
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Chapter 7

Forced Convection inside tubes

Heating and cooling of fluids flowing

x Hydrodynamic entrance region Fully developed region

พฤติกรรมบริเวณทางเข้ าและย่ าน fully - developed

If the pipe Reynolds number for the fully

รู ปการสมดุลย์ ของแรงทีก่ ระทำต่ อชิ้นส่ วนเล็กๆในย่ าน

T  r,0  T  r,0  Ts T  r,0  Ts

Thermal entrance Fully developed region

การเกิด thermal boundary layer ภายในท่ อกลม

การไหลภายในท่ อรู ปวงแหวน

7.2 Analysis of laminar forced convection

7.2.1 Uniform heat flux

Neglecting any entrance effect determine

( a ) the Reynold number

( b ) the heat transfer coefficient.

( c ) the length of pipe needed for a 30 c

( d ) the inner tube surface temp. at the outlet

( e ) the friction factor

( f ) the pressure drop in the tube

( g ) the pumping power required if the

7.2.2 Uniform Surface Temperature

For a constant wall temperature only bulk

การถ่ ายเทความร้ อนระหว่ างของไหลทีอ่ ยู่ภายในท่ อและภายนอกท่ อ

ค่ า local number ในย่ านทางเข้ าสำหรับการไหลแบบราบเรียบในท่ อกลม

From the preceding we can obtain a

The rate heat transfer by convection to or from fluid

And substituting from Eq.(7.7),we get

Ex Calculate the length of the tube required

Sol Properties for oil at 40 0 C( from App.)

The rate of heat transfer is

 1966 0.05  45  35  983W .

Hausen present for Fully developed laminar

The empirical Relation was proposed by Sieder

Where um is the mean flow velocity

Heat transfer and Friction in fully developed lamina

Table 7.2 Nusselt number and friction factor for

The rate of heat transfer and the corresponding Nusselt

Ex. Calculate the average heat transfer

From table 7.1

2) 20 < Dn < 100 ;

3) 100 < Dn < 830 ;

All three equation are valid for 10 < Pr < 600

The Nusselt number for a uniform heat flux and

In laminar flow, the friction factor in a coiled tube.

for 2000 > Dn > 13.5

Heat and momentum transfer in turbulent flow

0.4 for heating 0f fluid

for 0.6  Pr  100

More recent information by Gńielinski suggests

for 0.5  Pr  1.5;104  Re  5  106

for 1.5  Pr  500 ; 300  Re  106

In the entrance region the flow is not developed, and

for 10  L/D  400

Where Lis the Length of the tube and d is the tube

Petukhov has developed a more accurate, expression

Where n = 0.11 for Tw > Tb ;

n = 0.25 for Tw < Tb

Equation is applicable for the following;

0.5  Pr  200 for 6% accuracy

104  Red  5  106

Nusselt number by kays

• NUDH = cReDH 0.8 Pr 0.3 n

0.020 for uniform surface temp.