Atoms, molecules and ions

Syahrul Khairi S.Si., M.Eng

Department of Chemical Engineering

Tanjungpura University
2017
 Atomic Models
 This model of the
atom may look
familiar to you. This is
the Bohr model. In
this model, the
nucleus is orbited by
electrons, which are
in different energy
levels.
 A model uses familiar ideas to
explain unfamiliar facts
observed in nature.
 A model can be changed as
new information is collected.
Introduction

 The atomic
model has
changed
throughout the
centuries,
starting in 400
BC, when it
looked like a
billiard ball →
Introduction

Who are these men?

In this lesson, we’ll learn
about the men whose
quests for knowledge
about the fundamental
nature of the universe
helped define our views.
Development of atom theory

Democritus
400 BC
 This is the Greek
philosopher Democritus
who began the search for
a description of matter
more than 2400 years
ago.
 He asked: Could
matter be divided into
smaller and smaller
pieces forever, or was
there a limit to the
number of times a
piece of matter could
be divided?
Development of atom theory

Atomos
 His theory: Matter could
not be divided into
smaller and smaller
pieces forever, eventually
the smallest possible
piece would be obtained.
 This piece would be
indivisible.
 He named the smallest
piece of matter “atomos,”
meaning “not to be cut.”
Development of atom theory

Atomos
 To Democritus, atoms
were small, hard
particles that were all
made of the same
material but were
different shapes and
sizes.
 Atoms were infinite in
number, always
moving and capable
of joining together.
Development of atom theory

This theory was

ignored and forgotten
for more than 2000
years!
Development of atom theory

Why?
 The eminent
philosophers of
the time,
Aristotle and
Plato, had a
more respected,
(and ultimately Aristotle and Plato favored the earth, fire, air
wrong) theory. and water approach to the nature of matter.
Their ideas held sway because of their
eminence as philosophers. The atomos idea
was buried for approximately 2000 years.
Development of atom theory
Dalton Model of Atom

Dalton Model of
the Atom

Late 1700’s - John Dalton- England

Teacher- summarized results of his experiments
and those of others
Combined ideas of elements with that of atoms
in Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Dalton Model of Atom

The Atomic Theory of Matter

 In 1803, Dalton proposed that elements consist of
individual particles called atoms.

 His atomic theory of matter contains four hypotheses:

1. All matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms.

2. All atoms of an element are identical in mass and fundamental
chemical properties.
3. A chemical compound is a substance that always contains the
same atoms in the same ratio.
4. In chemical reactions, atoms from one or more compounds or
elements redistribute or rearrange in relation to other atoms to form
one or more new compounds. Atoms themselves do not undergo a
change of identity in chemical reactions.
Dalton Model of Atom

Foundations of Atomic Theory

Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass is neither destroyed nor created during ordinary chemical
reactions.

Law of Definite Proportions

The fact that a chemical compound contains the same
elements in exactly the same proportions by mass
regardless of the size of the sample or source of the
compound.
Law of Multiple Proportions
If two or more different compounds are composed of the
same two elements, then the ratio of the masses of the
second element combined with a certain mass of the first
elements is always a ratio of small whole numbers.
Dalton Model of Atom

Conservation of Atoms
2 H2 + O 2 2 H2 O John Dalton

H
H
H2 O O H2 O
H
O2 H
+
O H
H
H2
H O H2 O
H

4 atoms hydrogen 4 atoms hydrogen

2 atoms oxygen 2 atoms oxygen
Dalton Model of Atom

Legos are Similar

to Atoms
H
H
H2 H O O H 2O
H
+ O2
H O H
H2 H O H 2O
H

Lego's can be taken apart and built into

many different things.

Atoms can be rearranged into

different substances.
Dalton Model of Atom

Conservation of Mass
High
voltage
electrodes

Before reaction glass After reaction

chamber
O2

High
voltage

H2O

H2 5.0 g H2
O2 0 g H2
80 g O2
45
? g H2O
300 g (mass
of chamber) 40 g O2
+
385 g total 300 g (mass
of chamber)
+
385 g total
Dalton Model of Atom

Law of Definite Proportions

Joseph Louis Proust (1754 – 1826)

 Each compound has a specific ratio of elements

 It is a ratio by mass
 Water is always 8 grams of oxygen for every one
gram of hydrogen
Dalton Model of Atom

Law of Definite Proportions

Whether synthesized in the laboratory or obtained from
various natural sources, copper carbonate always has the
same composition.

Analysis of this compound led Proust to formulate the law of

definite proportions.

+ +

103 g of 53 g of 40 g of oxygen 10 g of carbon

copper carbonate copper
Dalton Model of Atom

The Law of Multiple Proportions

 Dalton could not use his theory to determine the
elemental compositions of chemical compounds because
he had no reliable scale of atomic masses.
 Dalton’s data led to a general statement known as the
law of multiple proportions.
 Law states that when two elements form a series of
compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second
element that are present per gram of the first element
can almost always be expressed as the ratios of
integers.
Dalton Model of Atom

Law of Multiple Proportions

John Dalton (1766 – 1844)

If two elements form more than one

compound, the ratio of the second element
that combines with 1 gram of the first
element in each is a simple whole number.
e.g. H2O & H2O2
water hydrogen peroxide
Ratio of oxygen is 1:2 (an exact ratio)
Development of atom theory

Dalton’s Theory
 Dalton stated that
elements consisted of tiny
particles called atoms

 He also called the

elements pure
substances because all
atoms of an element were
identical and that in
particular they had the
same mass.
Development of atom theory

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1. All matter consists of tiny particles. Dalton, like the
Greeks, called these particles “atoms”.
2. Atoms of one element can neither be subdivided nor
changed into atoms of any other element.
3. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.
4. All atoms of the same element are identical in mass, size,
and other properties.
5. Atoms of one element differ in mass and other properties
from atoms of other elements.
6. In compounds, atoms of different elements combine in
simple, whole number ratios.
Development of atom theory

The Atomic Theory of Matter

 Dalton’s atomic theory is essentially correct, with four
minor modifications:

1. Not all atoms of an element must have precisely the same

mass.
2. Atoms of one element can be transformed into another
through nuclear reactions.
3. The composition of many solid compounds are somewhat
variable.
4. Under certain circumstances, some atoms can be divided
(split into smaller particles: i.e. nuclear fission).
Dalton`s atomic symbol
Development of atom theory
Daltons’ Models of Atoms

Carbon dioxide, CO2

Water, H2O

Methane, CH4
Development of atom theory

.
 This theory
became one
of the
foundations
of modern
chemistry.
Development of atom theory

Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model

 In1897, the
English scientist
J.J. Thomson
provided the first
hint that an atom
is made of even
smaller particles.
Development of atom theory

Thomson Model
 He proposed a model
of the atom that is
sometimes called the
“Plum Pudding”
model.
 Atoms were made
from a positively
charged substance
with negatively
charged electrons
scattered about, like
raisins in a pudding.
Development of atom theory

Thomson Model
 Thomson studied the passage of an electric
current through a gas.
 As the current passed through the gas, it
gave off rays of negatively charged particles.
Development of atom theory

Thomson Model
Where did
they come
 Thissurprised from?

Thomson,
because the
atoms of the gas
were uncharged.
Where had the
negative charges
come from?
Development of atom theory
Thomson concluded that the
negative charges came from within
the atom.

A particle smaller than an atom had

to exist.

The atom was divisible!

Thomson called the negatively
charged “corpuscles,” today known
as electrons.

Since the gas was known to be

neutral, having no charge, he
reasoned that there must be
positively charged particles in the
atom.

But he could never find them.

Development of atom theory

Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

 In 1908, the English
physicist Ernest
Rutherford was hard
at work on an
experiment that
seemed to have little
to do with unraveling
the mysteries of the
atomic structure.
Development of atom theory

 Rutherford’s experiment Involved

firing a stream of tiny positively
charged particles at a thin sheet of
gold foil (2000 atoms thick)
Development of atom theory

Rutherford’s Gold Foil

Experiment

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights 34

reserved
Development of atom theory

 Most of the positively

charged “bullets” passed
right through the gold
atoms in the sheet of
gold foil without changing
course at all.
 Some of the positively
charged “bullets,”
however, did bounce
away from the gold sheet
as if they had hit
something solid. He
knew that positive
charges repel positive
charges.
Development of atom theory
Development of atom theory

 This could only mean that the gold atoms in the

sheet were mostly open space. Atoms were not
a pudding filled with a positively charged
material.
 Rutherford concluded that an atom had a small,
dense, positively charged center that repelled
his positively charged “bullets.”
 He called the center of the atom the “nucleus”
 The nucleus is tiny compared to the atom as a
whole.
Development of atom theory

Rutherford
 Rutherford reasoned
that all of an atom’s
positively charged
particles were
contained in the
nucleus. The
negatively charged
particles were
scattered outside the
nucleus around the
atom’s edge.
Development of atom theory

Bohr Model
 In 1913, the Danish
scientist Niels Bohr
proposed an
improvement. In his
model, he placed
each electron in a
specific energy level.
Development of atom theory

Bohr Model
 According to Bohr’s
atomic model,
electrons move in
definite orbits
around the nucleus,
much like planets
circle the sun. These
orbits, or energy
levels, are located at
certain distances
from the nucleus.
Development of atom theory

Wave Model
Development of atom theory

The Wave Model

 Today’s atomic
model is based on
the principles of
wave mechanics.
 According to the
theory of wave
mechanics,
electrons do not
move about an atom
in a definite path,
like the planets
around the sun.
Development of atom theory

The Wave Model

 In fact, it is impossible to determine the exact
location of an electron. The probable location of
an electron is based on how much energy the
electron has.
 According to the modern atomic model, at atom
has a small positively charged nucleus
surrounded by a large region in which there are
enough electrons to make an atom neutral.
Development of atom theory

Electron Cloud:
 A space in which
electrons are likely to be
found.
 Electrons whirl about the
nucleus billions of times
in one second
 They are not moving
around in random
patterns.
 Location of electrons
depends upon how much
energy the electron has.
Development of atom theory

Electron Cloud:

 Depending on their energy they are locked into a

certain area in the cloud.
 Electrons with the lowest energy are found in
the energy level closest to the nucleus
 Electrons with the highest energy are found
in the outermost energy levels, farther from
the nucleus.
Development of atom theory

Indivisible Electron Nucleus Orbit Electron

Cloud
Greek X
Dalton X
Thomson X
Rutherford X X
Bohr X X X
Wave X X X
The modern view of atomic structure

 The atom contains:

 Electrons – found outside the nucleus;
negatively charged.
 Protons – found in the nucleus; positive
charge equal in magnitude to the electron’s
negative charge.
 Neutrons – found in the nucleus; no charge;
virtually same mass as a proton.

47
The modern view of atomic structure

 The nucleus is:

 Small compared with the overall size of the
atom.
 Extremely dense; accounts for almost all of
the atom’s mass.

48
The modern view of atomic structure

Nuclear Atom Viewed in Cross

Section
The modern view of atomic structure

Isotopes

 Atoms with the same number of protons but

different numbers of neutrons.
 Show almost identical chemical properties;
chemistry of atom is due to its electrons.
 In nature most elements contain mixtures of
isotopes.
The modern view of atomic structure

Two Isotopes of Sodium

The modern view of atomic structure
The modern view of atomic structure

Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus

Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number

1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
235 238
92 U 92 U
The modern view of atomic structure

Do You Understand Isotopes?

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 146 C ?

6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 116 C ?

6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

The modern view of atomic structure

Exercise
A certain isotope X contains 23 protons and 28
neutrons.
 What is the mass number of this isotope?
 Identify the element.

Mass Number = 51
Vanadium
The modern view of atomic structure

Exercise
A certain isotope X+ contains 54 electrons and
78 neutrons.

 What is the mass number of this isotope?

133
Molecules and ions

A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite

arrangement held together by chemical bonds

H2 H2O NH3 CH4

A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO

A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms

O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
Molecules and ions
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive
or negative charge.
cation – ion with a positive charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.

Na 11 protons 11 protons
Na+
11 electrons 10 electrons

anion – ion with a negative charge

If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.

Cl 17 protons 17 protons
Cl-
17 electrons 18 electrons
Molecules and ions

A monatomic ion contains only one atom

Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-

A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom

OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-

Molecules and ions

Do You Understand Ions?

27
How many protons and electrons are in 13Al 3 +
?

13 protons, 10 (13 – 3) electrons

How many protons and electrons are in 78

34 Se 2- ?

34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons

Molecules and ions
Molecules and ions

A molecular formula shows the exact number of

atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a
substance
An empirical formula shows the simplest
whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance

molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O

O3 O
N2H4 NH2
 Molecules and ions

ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations and an anions

• the formula is always the same as the empirical formula
• the sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in
each formula unit must equal zero

The ionic compound NaCl

Molecules and ions

Chemical Bonds
 Covalent Bonds
 Bonds form between atoms by sharing
electrons.
 Resulting collection of atoms is called a
molecule.
Molecules and ions

Covalent Bonding
Molecules and ions

Chemical Bonds
 Ionic Bonds
 Bonds form due to force of attraction
between oppositely charged ions.
 Ion – atom or group of atoms that has a net
positive or negative charge.
 Cation – positive ion; lost electron(s).
 Anion – negative ion; gained electron(s).
Molecules and ions

The Periodic Table

 Metals vs. Nonmetals
 Groups or Families – elements in the same
vertical columns; have similar chemical
properties
 Periods – horizontal rows of elements
Molecules and ions

The Periodic Table

Molecules and ions

Groups or Families
 Table of common charges formed when
creating ionic compounds.

Group or Family Charge

Alkali Metals (1A) 1+
Alkaline Earth Metals (2A) 2+
Halogens (7A) 1–
Noble Gases (8A) 0
Molecules and ions

Naming Compounds
 Binary Compounds
 Composed of two elements
 Ionic and covalent compounds included
 Binary Ionic Compounds
 Metal—nonmetal
 Binary Covalent Compounds
 Nonmetal—nonmetal

 Common Names only: H2O & NH3

Molecules and ions

Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I)

1. The cation is always named first and the

anion second.
2. A monatomic cation takes its name from
the name of the parent element.
3. A monatomic anion is named by taking
the root of the element name and adding
–ide.
Molecules and ions

Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I)

 Examples:
KCl Potassium chloride

MgBr2 Magnesium bromide

CaO Calcium oxide

Molecules and ions

Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)

 Metals in these compounds form more than
one type of positive charge.
 Charge on the metal ion must be specified.
 Roman numeral indicates the charge of the
metal cation.
 Transition metal cations usually require a
Roman numeral.
Molecules and ions

Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)

 Examples:
CuBr Copper(I) bromide

FeS Iron(II) sulfide

PbO2 Lead(IV) oxide

Molecules and ions

Polyatomic Ions
 Must be memorized.
 Examples of compounds containing
polyatomic ions:
NaOH Sodium hydroxide
Mg(NO3)2 Magnesium nitrate
(NH4)2SO4 Ammonium sulfate
Molecules and ions

Formation of Ionic Compounds

Molecules and ions
Formula of Ionic Compounds
2 x +3 = +6 3 x -2 = -6

Al2O3
Al 3+
O2-

1 x +2 = +2 2 x -1 = -2

CaBr2
Ca2+ Br-

1 x +2 = +2 1 x -2 = -2

Na2CO3
Na +
CO32-
Molecules and ions
Examples of Older Names of Cations formed from
Transition Metals (memorize these!!)
Molecules and ions

Binary Covalent Compounds (Type III)

 Formed between two nonmetals.
1. The first element in the formula is named
first, using the full element name.
2. The second element is named as if it were
an anion (-ide).
3. Prefixes are used to denote the numbers
of atoms present.
4. The prefix mono- is never used for
naming the first element.
Molecules and ions

Prefixes
Used to
Indicate
Number in
Chemical
Names
Molecules and ions

Binary Covalent Compounds

(Type III)
 Examples:
CO2 Carbon dioxide

SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride

N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide

Molecules and ions

Overall Strategy for Naming

Chemical Compounds
Molecules and ions

Flowchart for Naming Binary

Compounds

83
Molecules and ions

Acids
 Acids can be recognized by the
hydrogen that appears first in the formula
—HCl.
 Molecule with one or more H+ ions
attached to an anion.
Molecules and ions

Acids
 If the anion does not contain oxygen, the
acid is named with the prefix hydro– and the
suffix –ic.
 Must be dissolved in water to be an acid!
(aq) or acid required – otherwise it’s a GAS
 Examples:
HCl Hydrochloric acid
HCN Hydrocyanic acid
H2S Hydrosulfuric acid
Molecules and ions

Acids
 If the anion does contain oxygen:
 The suffix –ic is added to the root name if
the anion name ends in –ate.
 Automatically acid – these gases do not
exist
 Examples:
HNO3 Nitric acid
H2SO4 Sulfuric acid
HC2H3O2 Acetic acid
Molecules and ions

Acids
 If the anion does contain oxygen:
 The suffix –ous is added to the root name
if the anion name ends in –ite.
 Automatically acid – these gases do not
exist
 Examples:
HNO2 Nitrous acid
H2SO3 Sulfurous acid
HClO2 Chlorous acid
Molecules and ions
Molecules and ions

Flowchart for Naming Acids

Molecules and ions

Exercise
Which of the following compounds is named
incorrectly?

a) KNO3 potassium nitrate

b) TiO2 titanium(II) oxide
c) Sn(OH)4tin(IV) hydroxide
d) PBr5 phosphorus pentabromide
e) CaCrO4 calcium chromate
Molecules and ions

Mixed Practice
1. Dinitrogen monoxide 1. N2O
2. Potassium sulfide 2. K2S
3. Copper (II) nitrate 3. Cu(NO3)2
4. Dichlorine heptoxide 4. Cl2O7
5. Chromium (III) sulfate
5. Cr2(SO4)3
6. Ferric sulfite
6. Fe2(SO3)3
7. Calcium oxide
8. Barium carbonate 7. CaO
9. Iodine monochloride 8. BaCO3
9. ICl
Molecules and ions

Mixed Practice
1. BaI2 1. Barium iodide
2. P4S3 2. Tetraphosphorus trisulfide
3. Ca(OH)2 3. Calcium hydroxide
4. Iron (II) carbonate
4. FeCO3
5. Sodium dichromate
5. Na2Cr2O7
6. Diiodine pentoxide
6. I2O5
7. Cupric perchlorate
7. Cu(ClO4)2 8. Carbon disulfide
8. CS2 9. Diboron tetrachloride
9. B2Cl4