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WTO – E- commerce

and Transfer Technology

Presented by - Group 5
Nirav Navadiya – 20181135
Yash Aggarwal – 20181007
Priyanka Vyas – 20181057
Mehul Darji – 20181108
Aakanksha Mukkawar – 20181032
Mustafa Jawedwala - 20181019
Razi Sayyed - 20181044
Introduction of WTO
Who we are?
We are an intergovernmental organization that is concerned with the regulation of international trade between nations.
What we do?
The WTO has many roles:
• It operates a global system of trade rules,
• It acts as a forum for negotiating trade agreements,
• It settles trade disputes between its members and
• It supports the needs of developing countries. 

All major decisions are made by the WTO's member governments: either by ministers or by their ambassadors or delegates. The
primary purpose of the WTO is to open trade for the benefit of all. 
What we stand for?
A number of simple, fundamental principles form the foundation of the multilateral trading system. The WTO's top decision-
making body is the Ministerial Conference which usually takes place every two years. The WTO has over 160 members
representing 98 per cent of world trade. Over 20 countries are seeking to join the WTO.
Introduction of E-commerce
E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services, or the transmitting
of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the internet. These business transactions occur either
as business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-consumer(C2C) or consumer-to-
business(C2B). 
In simple words Electronic commerce' is understood to mean the production, distribution, marketing,
sale or delivery of goods and services by electronic means".
E-commerce is changing the global economy, creating new opportunities and challenges.  However,
many of the rules governing the global economy, including the agreements of the World Trade Organization
(WTO), were drafted decades before digital trade was an important part of global trade.
At the Second Ministerial Conference in May 1998 ministers recognized that global electronic
commerce was growing and creating new opportunities for trade therefore adopted the Declaration on
Global Electronic Commerce. Due to which work programme on e-commerce was establishment on
September 1998. Periodic reviews of the programme are conducted by the General Council based on reports
from the WTO bodies responsible for implementing the programme. Ministers also regularly consider the
programme at the WTO's ministerial conferences.
E-commerce
The work programme on e-commerce was established to examine all trade-related issues
relating to global electronic commerce, including issues identified by Members. Ministers also
declared that Members will continue their practice of not imposing customs duties on electronic
transmissions.
Four WTO bodies were charged with the responsibility of carrying out the Work
Programme: the Council for Trade in Services; the Council for Trade in Goods; the Council for
TRIPS; and the Committee on Trade and Development. The General Council plays a central role
and keeps the work programme under continuous review.
About Work Programme committee
The Work Programme on Electronic Commerce instructed:
• The Council for Trade in Services to examine and report on the treatment of electronic
commerce in the GATS legal framework.
• The Council for Trade in Goods to examine and report on aspects of electronic commerce
relevant to the provisions of GATT 1994, the multilateral trade agreements covered under
Annex 1A of the WTO Agreement, and the approved work programme
• The Council for TRIPS to examine and report on the intellectual property issues arising in
connection with electronic commerce
• The Committee on Trade and Development to examine and report on the development
implications of electronic commerce, taking into account the economic, financial and
development needs of developing countries.
 
The WTO Secretariat for each of the four subsidiary bodies prepared background papers on the
issues to be considered.
Issues related to E-commerce
The General Council was unable to make its own report or recommendations to the Seattle
Ministerial Conference because the Members could not agree on three issues:
(1) Classifying “digital products as goods or services;
(2) Extending the moratorium on imposing customs duties on electronic transmissions; and
(3) The “institutional arrangements” for continuing the work programme.
Discussion of E-commerce in the WTO
• E-commerce has become one of the focus issues as the WTO members prepare for the 11th
Ministerial Conference of the organisation in December 2017. 
• A key feature of the discussion on e-commerce is the active participation by a 12-member
group of developing countries, the Friends of E-Commerce for Development (FED). The
group’s view is that e-commerce is a tool that “brings together the digital, social and
development agendas and as an enabler of sustainable and inclusive growth for MSMEs,
especially those from developing and least developed countries”
• The major beneficiaries, according to this proposal, would be the MSMEs, who would gain
from e-commerce through the reduction of the cost of doing business, and access to a wider
market for the enterprises. Non-traditional players, such as home-makers and small handicraft
suppliers, can enter the market and offer their products on the global marketplace. Digital
platforms can help improve efficiencies, not only of individual enterprises also of the entire
supply chains. This is an untapped potential that could provide a boost to economic growth and
development in developing countries.
Discussion of E-commerce in the WTO
• India’s new foreign investment restrictions for its e-commerce sector, which includes giants
such as Amazon.com Inc and Walmart-owned Flipkart, could reduce online sales by $46 billion
by 2022, according to a draft analysis from global consultants PwC seen by Reuters.
• Under the changes, e-commerce firms in India will from Feb. 1 not be able to sell products via
companies in which they have an equity interest or push sellers to sell exclusively on their
platforms.
• The analysis also said that by March 2022 the Indian policy could lead to the creation of 1.1
million fewer jobs than may have been previously expected and lead to a reduction in taxes
collected of $6 billion.
• The e-commerce has transformed the way business is done in India. The Indian e-commerce
market is expected to grow to US$ 200 billion by 2026 from US$ 38.5 billion as of 2017. Much
growth of the industry has been triggered by increasing internet and smartphone penetration.
The ongoing digital transformation in the country is expected to increase India’s total internet
user base to 829 million by 2021 from 604.21 million as of December 2018.
 
Government Initiatives
Since 2014, the Government of India has announced various initiatives namely, Digital India, Make
in India, Start-up India, Skill India and Innovation Fund. The timely and effective implementation
of such programs will likely support the e-commerce growth in the country. Some of the major
initiatives taken by the government to promote the e-commerce sector in India are as follows:
• In order to increase the participation of foreign players in the e-commerce field, the Indian
Government hiked the limit of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the E-commerce marketplace
model for up to 100 per cent (in B2B models).
• The heavy investment of Government of India in rolling out the fiber network for 5G will help
boost ecommerce in India
• In the Union Budget of 2018-19, government has allocated Rs 8,000 crore (US$ 1.24 billion) to
BharatNet Project, to provide broadband services to 150,000 gram panchayats
• As of August 2018, the government is working on the second draft of e-commerce policy,
incorporating inputs from various industry stakeholders.
Road Ahead
The e-commerce industry been directly impacting the micro, small & medium enterprises
(MSME) in India by providing means of financing, technology and training and has a favourable
cascading effect on other industries as well. The Indian e-commerce industry has been on an
upward growth trajectory and is expected to surpass the US to become the second largest e-
commerce market in the world by 2034.  Technology enabled innovations like digital payments,
hyper-local logistics, analytics driven customer engagement and digital advertisements will likely
support the growth in the sector. The growth in e-commerce sector will also boost employment,
increase revenues from export, increase tax collection by ex-chequers, and provide better products
and services to customers in the long-term.
Impact on Retail Business Industry
• Although ecommerce sector has become a boon for the  consumers in India, there is a totally
opposite side as far as the retailers see it. Now they don’t only need to compete with other
retailers but they also need to compete with huge ecommerce firms which are much more larger
in financial terms.
• As per a recent research, it has come in to light that about 80% of enterprise has gone down from
last two or three years. Local retailers and enterprises had set up their business from many years
and now this newly came ecommerce is destroying their business like never before.
• Most of the retailers have decreased their profit margin due to increasing competition with
ecommerce stores as they need to attract more customers. This has brought up the situation of do
or die.
• The customer base is also getting shifted towards the online stores. E commerce stores provides
number of items to choose at one place. Ecommerce has taken internet by storm. Most of the
people purchase goods online which needs their personal details to be shared online. This details
are somehow hacked by the criminals and used for their own benefits.
What is Transfer Technology?
• WIPO(World Intellectual Property org) says transfer of technology is:
• Define as transfer of new technologies from universities and research institutions.
• Or is same sense of transfer of technologies across international borders, generally from
developed to developing countries.
• Generally TOT consist of Knowledge or IP rights that are:
-Licensed in form of IP.
-Formel consulting and training agreements.
-communicated in work place or research setting
What is Transfer Technology?
• Technology transfer is the process of sharing of
-Skills
-Knowledge
-Technologies
-Methods of Manufacturing
• Amongst government and other Institutions
• To ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of
users
• It is closely related to knowledge transfer.
Institutes In India Assisting in
Technology Transfer
• Asia pacific center for transfer of technology

• Technology bureau for small enterprises

• National research & development corporation

• Foundation for innovation and technology transfer


Reference
• https://blog.transportinindia.in/e-commerce-sites-bad-impacts-i
ndian-business-industry-economy
/
• https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ecom_e/ecom_e.htm

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