Суперсемейство иммуноглобулинов
В CD28 CD80/CD86
CD40L CD40 Г
Д
A ТкР МНС класс II
p56kb
CD4
LFA-1 ICAM-1
CD2 LFA-3
Аг
Б
Аг
mlg
Память - индуцированное антигеном состояние иммунной системы,
заключающееся в его повышенной реактивности на антиген, с которым
организм однажды встречался, и сохраняющееся в отсутствии антигена.
Bacterial morphology.
A: Cocci in clusters, e.g., Staphylococcus (A-1); chains, e.g.,
Streptococcus (A-2); in pairs with pointed ends, e.g.,
Streptococcus pneumoniae (A-3); in pairs with kidney bean
shape, e.g., Neisseria (A-4).
B: Rods (bacilli): with square ends, e.g., Bacillus (B-1); with
rounded ends, e.g., Salmonella (B-2); club-shaped, e.g.,
Corynebacterium (B-3); fusiform, e.g., Fusobacterium (B-4);
comma-shaped, e.g., Vibrio (B-5).
C: Spirochetes: relaxed coil, e.g., Borrelia (C-1); tightly
coiled, e.g., Treponema (C-2). (Modified and reproduced,
with permission, from Joklik WK et al: Zinsser Microbiology,
20th ed.
Sizes of representative bacteria, viruses, yeasts, protozoa, and human red cells. The
bacteria range in size from Mycoplasma, the smallest, to Bacillus anthracis, one of the
largest. The viruses range from poliovirus, one of the smallest, to poxviruses, the largest.
Yeasts, such as Candida albicans, are generally larger than bacteria. Protozoa have many
different forms and a broad size range. HIV, human immunodeficiency virus. (
Spore Keratinlike coat, dipicolinic acid Provides resistance to dehydration, heat, and
chemicals
Cell walls of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Note that the
peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria is much thicker than in gram-negative
bacteria. Note also that only gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane
containing endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and have a periplasmic space
where -lactamases are found. Several important gram-positive bacteria, such
as staphylococci and streptococci, have teichoic acids.
Comparison of Cell Walls
of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative
Bacteria.Component Gram-Positive Cells Gram-Negative Cells
Endotoxin (LPS) structure. The O antigen polysaccharide is
exposed on the exterior of the cell, whereas the lipid A faces
the interior.
Bacterial spores. The spore contains the entire DNA genome of the bacterium surrounded by a thick,
resistant coat.
Important Features of Spores Medical Implications
Highly resistant to heating; spores are not killed by Medical supplies must be heated to 121°C for at
boiling (100°C), but are killed at 121°C. least 15 minutes to be sterilized.
Highly resistant to many chemicals, including most Only solutions designated as sporicidal will kill
disinfectants. This is attributed to the thick, spores.
keratinlike coat of the spore.
They can survive for many years, especially in the Wounds contaminated with soil can be infected
soil. with spores and cause diseases such as tetanus (C.
tetani) and gas gangrene (C. perfringens).
They exhibit no measurable metabolic activity. Antibiotics are ineffective against spores because
antibiotics act by inhibiting certain metabolic
pathways of bacteria. Also, spore coat is
impermeable to antibiotics.
Spores form when nutrients are insufficient but Spores are not often found at the site of infections
then germinate to form bacteria when nutrients because nutrients are not limiting. Bacteria rather
become available. than spores are usually seen in Gram-stained
smears.
Spores are produced by members of only two Infections transmitted by spores are caused by
genera of bacteria of medical importance, Bacillus species of either Bacillus or Clostridium.
and Clostridium, both of which are gram-positive
rods.