Physical transport phenomena 2

Final summary and exam information

Jun Yue
E-mail: Yue.Jun@rug.nl
January 2020
 Examination
Marking
 Written exam 100%
3-5 open questions (structured by means of sub-questions).
Closed book exam! Use of any study materials during the
exam is not allowed, except the book <Transport Phenomena
Data Companion> by L. Janssen and M. Warmoeskerken.
A simple calculator is recommended.
A formula sheet is provided (also on Nestor).
 Minimum passing score: 6
Exam questions with 100 full points.
Divided by 10 to obtain your score
(round off to a half point; 5.4 →5, 5.6 → 6) 2
 Study material
 Book <Transport Phenomena>
W.J. Beek, K.M.K. Muttzall, J.W. van Heuven
2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, LTD
1999, ISBN 9780471999904
 Tutorial assignments and solutions
 Lecture slides (check the latest version on Nestor without misprints)
 Additional exercises and solutions (not compulsory to try).
 Two previous exams and solutions

Course topics are difficult by nature!

So please actively work with study materials!
3
Subjects (Beek’s book 2nd edition)
1. Introduction / relevance
2. Summary of physical transport phenomena 1
3. Flow phenomena (Chapters 1, 2+ additional info.)
a. Laminar flow and turbulent flow
b. Computational fluid dynamics
c. Practical rheology
d. Flow around obstacles
e. Flow through beds of particles
4. Heat transport (Chapters 1, 3 + additional info.)
f. Stationary/non-stationary heat conduction
g. Convective heat transfer
h. Heat transfer with phase change
i. Heat transport by radiation
5. Mass transport (Chapter 1, 4+ additional
info.)
j. Stationary/non-stationary diffusion
k. Mass transfer with forced convection
l. Mass transfer at interfaces
m. Mass transfer with chemical reaction 4
 Learning objectives
Acquire knowledge and insights into the basic principles of complex
transport phenomena and the practical application of the theory.

By the end of the course, the students will be able to:

(1) Apply the general conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy to
describe the evolution of a physical/chemical system in time and 3-
dimensional space.

(2) Identify and explain relations between molecular transport processes and
bulk fluid properties such as viscosity, heat conductivity and diffusion
coefficients in simple and complex systems.

(3) Solve physical transport equations to make quantitative assessments of the

flow, heat and mass transfer performance in simple and complex systems.

(4) Develop their critical thinking and engineering skills in problem analysis and
solving.
5
 Summary Physical transport phenomena 1
Transport

accumulation
 flow in  flow out  production
unit time

Two kinds of transport:

Convective transport Ф” = vX
the flow transports mass, enthalpy or momentum
X
Molecular transport Ф” = -K
n
transport by molecular interactions
diffusion: molecular transport of mass
conduction: molecular transport of heat
6
internal friction: molecular transport of momentum
Summary Physical transport phenomena 1
Think in terms of balances

dX Molecular transport
V   in X in   out X out  RV is not considered.
dt
where X can be:
ρv momentum (momentum transport)
ρCpT enthalpy (heat transport)
cA molar concentraton (mass transport)
ρA mass concentraton(mass transport)
and
V: volume [m3]
: volumetric flow [m3/s]
R: volumetric production of 7
3
Summary Physical transport phenomena 1
Dimensional analysis

Equations have to be dimensionally homogeneous.

Express all parameters in basic SI units (m, kg, s, K).
Compose a dimensional matrix.
Solve this set of equations.
Number of groups = number parameters – number basic SI units
(Buckinghams π-theorem).

8
Physical transport phenomena 2

Flow phenomena
 General method for laminar flow
R rx r

p1 p2 x

x2-x1
Force balance approach: dX
V   in X in   out X out   F
dt
0   r 2 p1   r 2 p2   rx 2 r  x2  x1 
dvx
 rx  
dr
1  dp  2 2
vx    R  r 
4  dx 
 R 4  dp  v R 2  dp 
v       v    
8  dx  R 2
8  dx  10
 Turbulent flow
e.g., in a horizontal pipe
p1 A  p2 A   w S  x2  x1   0
1
 w  f    v 2
2
x2−x1 f: Friction factor
A: Cross-sectional area
D S D A   D2 / 4 D  4A / S S: Circumference

1 L
p1  p2  4 f    v  
2
Fanning equation
2 D

Also valid for laminar flow (4f = 64/Re)

11
 Friction factor in round straight tubes
Laminar flow: 4 f  64 / Re
1/ 4
Turbulent flow in smooth tubes: 4 f  0.316 Re (Blasius equation)
Turbulent flow in rough tubes: 4f is a bit higher, also depends on x/D

4f
Completely turbulent
0.1 x/D
0.05

0.01

0.001
0.01
0
laminar turbulent

103 104 105 106

Re 12
 Navier-Stokes equation
in rectangular coordinates

Claude-Louis Navier George Gabriel Stokes

For incompressible Newtonian liquids (constant  and )

 vx vx vx vx    2vx  2vx  2vx  p

  vx  vy  vz     2  2  2     gx
 t x y z   x y z  x
 v y v y v y v y    2v y  2v y  2v y  p
  vx  vy  vz    2  2  2     gy
 t x y z   x y z  y
 vz vz vz vz    2vz  2 vz  2 vz  p
  vx  vy  vz     2  2  2     gz
 t x y z   x y z  z
13
 Navier-Stokes equation
in cylindrical coordinates
For incompressible Newtonian liquids (constant  and )
z z
v v
vz vz
vy
vθ
vx
vr

y r y
θ

x x
 v v v vr vr v 2     1   vr   1  2 vr  2 vr 2 v  p
  r  vr r    vz      r   2  2  2     gr
 t r r  z r   r  r r  r   r 
2
z r   r
 v v v v v vr v     1   rv   1  2v  2v 2 vr 
  1 p
    vr     vz       
 2      g
 t r r  z r   
 r r r  r  2
z 2
r 2
 
 r  

 v z v z v z v z  
 1   v z  1  v z  v z 
2 2
 p
  vr  v  vz      r      g z
 t r  z   r r  r  r 
 2 2 2
z   z 9
 Application of Navier-Stokes equation
in problem solving
Example 1: laminar flow in horizontal straight pipes

1  dp  2 2
   R  r 
r  z vz 
4  dz 

Extension: Laminar flow in straight pipes under any orientation

1  dp 2 2
z vz    R  r 
4  dz 

h p  p   gh
r 
15
 Application of Navier-Stokes equation
in problem solving
Example 2: Laminar flow of a falling film

 g cos 
2  x 
2

vz   1    
2    
 gW  3 cos 
v 
3
β

4  vz  
Direction of gravity Re 


Also solved using the force balance approach (momentum balance

approach)!
16
 Laminar flow of a power law fluid
in horizontal pipes
R rx r
Flow p1 p2 x

Force balance approach: x2-x1

n =1
0   r p1   r p2   rx 2 r  x2  x1 
2 2

n
dvx n <1
 rx  K
dr

n 1  dp   nn1 n 1

vx  n
 R r 
n n >1
n  1 2 K  dx   
n R 3 R  dp  v nR R  dp 
v  n
     v   n
 
3n  1 2 K  dx  R 2
3n  1 2 K  dx  17
 Laminar flow of a Bingham fluid
in horizontal pipes
Force balance approach:
r
R
R0
Flow x

rx vx
r  dp  dvx
R0  r  R  rx       0   p
2  dx  dr
0  r  R0 vx  vx r  R0

1  dp  2 2  0
R0 ≤ r ≤ R vx     R  r    R  r
4 p  dx  p
1  dp  2 0 2 0
vx     0    R  R0  with R0 
2
0 ≤ r < R0  R R
4 p  dx  p  dp 
 
 dx  18
Velocity profile during flow of a power law
fluid / Bingham fluid in other geometries
Falling film flow along a flat vertical wall

Newtonian pseudoplastic Bingham

Laminar flow between flat plates

Newtonian Pseudoplastic Bingham

Then what is velocity distribution equation? 19

 The Bernoulli equation
2 1
0    dp  g  h2  h1  
1
v2  2
 v1
2
 
 m   A  Awr  m
1  2 

 1 SL   1 2
Awr    f  v   w
2
 K  v 
i  2 A i j  2 j

Friction in Friction in bends, Examples of approximate Kw values:

straight tubes valves, etc. (referring to downstream velocity
for Re > 105)

f: Fanning friction factor smooth bend 900 1.2

Kw : Friction loss factor fully open gate valve 0.05
A: Cross-sectional area 1/2 closed gate valve 2.1
S: Circumference
More at Beek’s book Table II.1 (p75)
20
 The Bernoulli equation for
compressible media
2
dp
1  with =f(p)
1 RT
pV  nRT  
Ideal gas: isothermal flow  Mp
M: molecular weight 2 2
dp RT dp RT p2
1   M 1 p  M ln p1
1

 1  constant  
Adiabatic ideal gas: p  constant   
  p 
  c p cv
  1

2
dp p1   p2   

~ 1.4 for two atomic gasses 1  1   1  p1 
  1
(air)  
  21
Flow measurements with Bernoulli
2  p2  p1 
Pitot tube v1  <v1>
 2
1

Venturi tube
<v1>, A1
<v2>, A2

p1 p2
1

 A  2 2
 m  1  
2
A2 2   p1  p2 
Incompressible  A  1
2

medium
  1

p1   p2   
2    1
1   1  p1  
Compressible  m   2 A2  
2
medium   2 A2 
  1 22
(adiabatic ideal gas)  1 A1 
Flow measurementsA , with
D
Bernoulli
A1 , D 1 A0 2 2

Orifice plate D0

p1 p2
1

Incompressible medium   C 1  A  A 2  p  p
2 2

m D  0  1 2
0
2
A  1 
Compressible medium   1

(adiabatic idea gas) p1   p2   
2    1
1   1  p1  
 m  CD  2 A0  
2
  2 A0 
Sonic nozzle   1

 1 A1 
 p2   2   1 For air:
    
 p1 crit    1 
2  = 1.4
2  2   1 p2 < 0.53 p1
 m ,max  CD A0 p1 1  
 1   1 23
 Flow measurements with Bernoulli 1

 A A 
2
 2
2    f    Vg
Rotameter  m  CD 1 

t

At 2
f


A A 
t f
Af
 

Flow through a hole v2  t   2 gh  t 

 v  A ' v2  t   CCc A 2 gh  t 
1

h C: friction loss factor

Cc: contraction factor = A’/A
A’
A v2
2 For a sharp edged orifice, C ≈1, A’≈ 0.62 A

h+dh h h0   2
The overflow V  W 2 gh03
3
W
24
 Force on an obstacle
1 2 vr
F  CW A   vr
2 D
1
Flow around a sphere
Flow regimes
1) Stokes flow, laminar contact flow 2
CW = 24/Re (Re < 0.1)
2) Vortex region, laminar flow
3) Turbulent region 3
CW ≈ 0.43 (103 < Re < 105)
4) Detaching turbulent boundary layer
4
CW = constant (Re > 2×105)
25
 Example: falling sphere
 2 1 2 Three regions:
CW  D   v 24
4 2 Re  1: CW 
Re
1 D   s    g
3

Re 
18 2
103  Re  105 : CW  0.43
D3   s    g
Re  1.76
2
 3 1  Re  103 : CW  ? (numerical solution,
D  s    g
6 find from graphs or tables)
Re 
 vD 4 D 3
  s    g
CW Re 
2
 3 2
 3  2 1 2
D   s    g  CW  D   v 26
6 4 2
 Friction in packed beds
 1 2
F  Cw  D p   v
2

4 2
 v  v0 / 

Awr  m  Awr  v0 A0  CW
 1    A0 L   D 2  1  v
3

 3 4
p
2
Dp
6
3 1 2 1  L
Awr  CW  v0 3
2 2  Dp
2  v0 D p
Re h 
3   1  
v 0: velocity in empty bed Total Reh region: Ergun equation
: porosity of the bed 150
A0 : cross-sectional area of empty bed CW  2.3 
Dp : particle diameter Re h 27
Physical transport phenomena 2

Heat transport

28
 Stationary heat conduction
Heat resistances in series
d d d 
Ti
Ti  To   H   1  2  3 
T1  1 2 3 
T 1 1 1 1 1
T2
To      ................
U h1 h2 h3 h4
i
hi 
d1 d2 d3 di
Stationary heat conduction Stationary situation
through a wall sphere >> surroundings
Spherical coordinate system
r
T  T R
 R
T1  T r
 H  4 R  T1  T 
Stationary heat transfer
from a sphere to a stationary medium 29
 Stationary heat conduction
Cylindrical coordinate system T1

T  T2 ln  r R2  T2
 R1
T1  T2 ln  R1 R2  r

r  z
dT 2  T1  T2 
 H   
R2
2 r 
dr ln  R2 R1  Stationary heat conduction
in the thick wall of a cylindrical tube

Example 1
The general micro balance
Constant Cp and λ.
Rectangular  T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
coordinate
cp   vx  vy  vz    2  2  2 q
 t x y z   x y z 
Cylindrical c   T T v T T   1   T  1  2
T  2
T
p  vr  
 vz 
   r  2  2   q
coordinate  t r r  z   r r  r  r 
2
z 
T q
Example 2: r T  T0  (R2  r 2 )
4 30
 Technical heat transfer
is based on the heat transfer coefficient

Basis equation:  H  hAT (by definition)

h: heat transfer coefficient, W/(m.K)

The sphere
 H  4 R  T1  T  2
r h
 D
 H  4 R 2
 T1  T 
R
The plate
 
 H  A  T1  T2  h
D D
D
31
 Heat penetration in large objects
short time effects
T T 2
a 2 Flat plate
t x T1

B.C.: t = 0 x  0  T = T0 T
t0 x = 0  T = T1
x   T = T0
Semi-infinite medium
Solution: T1  T  x  T0
1 2
 erf  
T1  T0  2 at  x
The condition of semi-infinite medium
dT T1  T0  c p at
 H "      T1  T0  Fo = 2  0.1 (in practice < 0.05)
D
dx x 0  at t
1
Penetration 
   at Nu  0.57 Fo 2
if Fo  0.1
depth
 1 e
t
 c p
h  h   hdt  2  2h  t e 
 at te 0  te -D/2 x=0 D/2
32
 Short vs long times
or: when is an object large?
E.g. flat plates: Fo = at/D2
time

-D/2 x=0 D/2

Fo = 0 Fo << 0.1 Fo ~ 0.1 Fo >> 0.1 Fo 
T1  T   2 at  x
T1  T  x  ~ exp   2 
cos  
 erf
  T1  T0  4 R   2 R 
T1  T0  2 at 
dT
 H "  
dT
 h  T1  T0   H "    h  T1   T  
dx x  R dx xR

Nu  4.93 (flat plate)

Nu  0.57 Fo 0.5
1 R
 T   Tdx 33
R 0
 D

Two important graphs

1 1
T1   T  T1  Tm
T1  T0 T1  T0
0.1 0.1
plate
plate

0.01 0.01
cylinder, L∞
sphere cylinder, L∞ sphere

0.001 0.001
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Fo = at/D2 Fo = at/D2
34
 T : average temperature; Tm : temperature in the center
 Laminar flow in tubes
Constant wall temperature (Tw), uniform inlet fluid tempearture (T0),
fully developed, parabolic velcity profile

Entrance region: (Gz < 0.05) Developed region (Gz > 0.1)
local Nu 
1
Nu  Nu  3.66
 ax  3 
1
Nu  1.08  2 
  1.08Gz 3

 v D 
mean Nu 
1

1
xe
 axe  3 
1
D
Nu 
xe 0 Nu dx  1.62  v D 2   1.62 Gz 3
2
2 rvrTr dr
  T  0

Nu and h related to a  2
D v
 H  hA T  Tw 4 35
mean fluid temperature
 Turbulent flow in tubes
Idealisation:

Turbulente core
h T
Thermal boundary layer
v T
Hydrodynamic (laminar) boundary layer

Tw  T
1/3
h  
 H   h  Tw  T    Constant     Pr1/3
T T a
hD
Nu   0.027 Re0.8 Pr 0.33

for 2 103  Re  105 and Pr  0.7

36
A micro balance over an infinitesimal
small length dx
dx

vπR2cpTx v πR2 cpTx+dx

h×2 πR dx(T-Tw) Here T means the mean

temperature of the fluid.
v R 2  c p T x  dx
 h  2 Rdx  T  Tw   v R 2
cp T x

dT 2h
  T  Tw  For the case of T >Tw
dx vR  c p
T
boundary condition: T  T0 at x  0
T  Tw  2h 
 exp   x
T0  Tw  vR  c p 
And get h from a Nu equation x 37
 Orders of magnitude of h
 H ''  U  T1  T2 
Layer of dirt 1 1 dw dd 1
   
U h1 w d h2
Fluid 1 wall Fluid 2 Based on the same heat transfer area!
<T1> Orders of magnitude of h, W/(m2.K):
T h1 Gas (free convection) 5-15
Gas (forced convection) 10-100
Liquid (free convection) 50-1000
Liquid (forced convection)
h2
Water 3000-10000
<T2>
Other liquids 500-3000
w d Condensation of vapor
Water 5000-30000
dw dd Other liquids 1000-4000
Boiling of liquid
Distance Water 3000-60000
Other liquids 1000-20000 38
 More Nusselt equations
vr D   c p vr D 
Valid if: Pe     1
a   
vr vr : relative velocity
0.50 0.33
hx  v x       vr x 
 0.332  r    for    3  10 5

     a    
x
vr
0.50 0.33
h D  v D      v D 
 0.57  r    for 1   r   104
     a    

vr
0.50 0.33
h D   vr D       vr D 
 2  0.66     for 1<    10 4

      a    
39
 Free convection
Consider a vertical surface with wall temperature Tw in a stagnant fluid
which has a tempeature T∞ at a great distance from the surface.
For the case of Tw > T ∞
temperature
 w    
 Tw  T  
boundary w w
layer
For a vertical surface with height L

x h L  L3 g  
Nu   f  
  a  w 

 L3 g   
Flow  f 2  
  w a 
velocity  f  Gr Pr 
40
Nusselt relations for free convection
1
Vertical plate, Nu  0.55  Gr Pr  4 for 103  Gr Pr  108
laminar flow

1
Vertical plate, Nu  0.13  Gr Pr  3 for Gr Pr  108
turbulent flow

1
Horizontal plate, Nu  0.17  Gr Pr  3 for Gr Pr  107
cooling

1
Two horizontal plates, Nu  0.15  Gr Pr  4 for 10 4  Gr Pr  10 7
Benard cells

1
Two horizontal plates, Nu  0.17  Gr Pr  3 for Gr Pr  107
Turbulent flow
41
 Film condensation
The condensate film covers the surface entirely and flows down laminarly,
The difference between the condensation temperature Tc and wall temperature Tw
is constant over the entire height.

x=0 Condensate:
 gW  3
v 
3
v Vapour
4 
x

dv h 
dx 3 L
L
v 1
x  dx
 H v  2  3 g  4
h  0.94  
Tc  LT 
x=L
Tw δL
42
 Boiling
For
water . . ..

Low Nucleate Leidenfrost Film boiling

superheating boiling regime (radiation
T<2 0C 2<T<25-75 0C 50<T<500 0C heat transfer)
1000 T>500 0C

100
H
10

0.1
0.1 10 103
T 43
 Radiation
radiation constant
Stephan-Boltzmann law: Black
body  "z   T 4 emission coefficient
Technical  "  e T 4
surface
 = 5.67 × 10-8 W/(m2.K4)
Wien’s displacement law maxT  2880 (μm.K)

incoming net emission

radiation
 i net emission  ez  ai
absorption For a black body
ai
reflection i  z (a  e  1)
r i
own emission For a technical body
transmission
t i e z ae (at the same temperature)
44
Kirchhoff’s law
 View factor Fij
F12= fraction of heat leaving surface 1 which reaches surface 2
F21= fraction of heat leaving surface 2 which reaches surface 1
Fij= fraction of heat leaving surface i which reaches surface j
Reciprocity relation A1 F12  A2 F21
Fij is purely geometric and independent of temperature.

For an enclosure F11  F12  F13  ...  1

Example 1: for infinite parallel walls (1 and 2)

F12  F21  1 A2

Example 2: Wall 2 encloses wall 1

A1
F12  1; F21  A1 / A2 45
 Radiation examples
Concentric black radiators
Net heat flow
1 R1

 net  1,in  1  4 R12  T24  T14 

R2

T1
 2

T2

Measuring gas temperatures

 e 4 
Tg  Tc    Tc  Tt 4  
Thermocouple gas flow
Tc
Tg
 h 

Solar collector a

net  a0.48μm s  e7.1μm c

46
0.48 m  7.1 m
 Heat transfer via combined conduction,
convection & radiation
Case 1: T
Copper electric wire r Conduction

Free convection Radiation

Tair
Under stationary condition, heat balance at the copper outer surface:
 H , conduction   H ,free convection   H ,radiation
Case 2:
o n Under stationary condition, heat balance:
u cti Free convection
nd
Co
Tair
 H , conduction in the insulation layer
r
Radiation   H , conduction in the foil
Insulation layer
Foil
  H ,free convection   H ,radiation 47
Cylinder Pipe
Physical transport phenomena 2

Mass transport

48
 Heat vs mass transport
Heat transport Mass transport
dE dcA
V   H ,in   H ,out  qV V   mol , A,in   mol , A,out  RV
dt dt
and : and :
d   c pT  
dc A
H   a 
(molecular transport) mol , A   DA (molecular transport)
dx dx
and : and :
H  v   c pT  (convective transport) mol , A  vcA (convective transport)

 v ,in c Ain  v ,out cAout

 v ,in Ein  v ,out Eout 
with E   c pT A

A
A A

q: production of heat per unit of time R: production of species A per unit of

per unit of volume, J/(m3.s) time per unit of volume, mol/(m3.s)
49
 Equimolar diffusion
(Example: distillation, catalytic conversion of A→B in the gas phase)
Catalyst
mol , A  mol , B  0 cA cB

dc A A A
mol A, x   DA  constant
dx c B B
c A1  cA 2
mol A, x  DA x1 x2
x2  x1 x1 x x2

Drift flow
Diffusion through a stagnant B cA cB
(Example: evaporation, selective absorption of A)
dc c A A
mol A, x   DA A   mol A, x  mol B , x  A c B
dx c
c dc A
mol A, x   DA  constant
c  c A dx x1 x x2 x 1 x2

DA c  c  c A 2   1 c A1  c A 2  c A1  c A 2
mol A, x  ln  
  1   ..... D
 A
x2  x1  c  c A1   2 c  x2  x1 50
 Technical mass transfer
in analogy to technical heat transfer
kD
Base equations:  mol , A  kAc A and Sh 
DA
The sphere k: mass transfer coefficient (m/s)
c1 Diffusion into a stagnant medium

r  mol , A  4 RDA  c1  c   k  2 DA Sh  2

c∞ 2 DA  D
R  mol , A  4 R  c1  c  
R  D  2R

The “plate” Diffusion into a flat medium

c1
DA DA
 mol , A  A  c1  c2  k Sh  1
c2 D D
D 51
 Comparison of mass transport and heat
transport equation a  D
A

c A   C pT
Genearla mass transport equation RA  q

 c A c A c A c A    2c A  2c A  2c A 
  vx  vy  vz   DA  2  2  2   RA
 t x y z   x y z 

General heat transport equation

    c pT     c pT     c pT     c pT     2   c pT   2   c pT   2   c pT  
  vx  vy  vz   a   q
 t x y z   x 2 y 2
z 2 
   

Valid for laminar flow transport &

pure diffusion/conduction problems,
not for turbulent flow 52
 Mass transfer in turbulent tube flow
Idealisation:

Turbulente core
T or m
h
v cA, T Thermal or mass transfer
Hydrodynamic (laminar) boundary layer boundary layer

Heat transfer through the Mass transfer through the

laminar boundary layer: laminar boundary layer:

Tw  T c A, w  c A
 H   h  Tw  T   mol , A  k  cA, w  cA  D A
T m

Nu  0.027 Re0.8 Pr 0.33 Sh  0.027 Re 0.8 Sc 0.33

Pr   / a Sc   / DA 53
 Similar mechanisms, similar
equations
Turbulent flow in tubes: Sh  0.027 Re 0.8
Sc 0.33
 2  10 3
<Re  10 5
, Sc  0.7

Laminar flow along flat plates Sh  kx  0.332 Re0.5 Sc 0.33  Re  3 105

vr DA
 vr x
Re 

x
k D
Flow around spheres Sh   2  0.66 Re 0.5 Sc 0.33 1<Re  10 4
vr DA

1
Sh  0.55  GrSc  4  103  GrSc  108
Free convection at a vertical plate 1
Sh  0.13  GrSc  3  GrSc  108
54
Etcetera, etcetera, etcetera,……………………..
Heat transfer and mass transfer
Same equations: same solutions

flux H mol , A


a ( )
molecular transport coefficient  C p DA

driving force c p T cA

transfer coefficient h k
hD kD
Nu  Sh 
dimensionless transfer group  DA
 
Pr  Sc 
boundary layer group a DA
55
Non-stationary diffusion in large medium
short time effects
c A  cA 2
Flat medium
 DA 2 cA1
t x
B.C.: t = 0 x  0  cA = cA0 cA
t
t0 x = 0  cA = cA1
x   cA = cA0
Semi-infinite medium
cA0
Solution: c A1  c A  x   DAt x
 erf  
c A1  c A0 2 D t 
 A 
The condition of semi-infinite medium
dc A c c DA
mol , A   DA  DA A1 A0   c A1  c A0  Dt
Fom = A2  0.1 (in practice < 0.05)
dx x 0  DA t t D
1
kD 
 m   DA t Sh   0.57 Fom 2 if Fom  0.1
DA
DA DA te
k  1 DA
 DAt t  k   kdt  2  2k  t e 
te 0  te -D/2 x=0 D/2 56
 Short vs long times
or: when is a medium large? D At
Fom 
E.g. flat medium: D2
time

-D/2 x=0 D/2

Fom = 0 Fom << 0.1 Fom ~ 0.1 Fom >> 0.1 Fom 
c A1  c A  x  c A1  c A   2 DAt  x
 erf   ~ exp   2 
cos  
c A1  c A0   c A1  c A0 4 R  2R 
 2 DA t   
dc A

dc
  DA A mol , A   DA
mol , A
dx dx x R
xR
= k  c A1   c A  
DA
  c A1  c A0  Sh  4.93 (flat medium)
t
1 R
Sh  0.57 Fom 0.5  c A   c A dx 57
R 0
 D

Two important graphs

1 1
c A1  c A c A1  c Am
c A1  c A0 c A1  c A0

0.1 0.1
plate
plate

0.01 0.01

sphere cylinder, L∞ sphere cylinder, L∞

0.001 0.001
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Dt DAt
Fom  A2 Fom 
D D2 58
 Similarity between heat and mass
transport
General (between a wall and a convective flow):
Chilton-Colburn analogy:

Define: J H  Nu  Re 1 Pr 1 3 heat transfer number

J D  Sh  Re 1 Sc 1 3 mass transfer number

Similar geometry, same material: J H  J D  c  Re m 1

Fanning
friction factor
Similar geometry, same material, turbulent f
JH  JD 
flow through pipes and along flat plates: 2

59
Mass transfer through an interface
cA Phase ' Phase ''
c ' A, w
law of Henry-Nernst: c '' A, f
c' A, w  mc" A, w
c ' A, f c '' A, w

 "mol , A  k '  c ' A,w  c ' A, f   "mol , A  k "  c "A, f  c "A, w 

Eliminate c'A,w and c''A,w :
1
1 1   c'   c' 
"mol , A      c" A, f  A, f   K "  c" A, f  A, f 
Gas-liquid systems:  k " mk '   m   m 
pi = Hecl 1

"mol , A      mc" A, f c' A, f   K '  mc" A, f c' A, f 

m 1
pi=ciRT;
 k" k ' 
m=He/RT 

"mol , A  K "  c" A, f 
c ' A, f
m


  K " c" A, f cA , f  
 

"mol , A  K '  mc" A, f c' A, f   K ' cA, f  c' A, f

 60
 If one resistance dominates
the process:
Phase ' Phase ''
k   mk   cA
1 c '' A, f
"mol , A      mc" A, f c' A, f 
m 1
 k" k '  c ' A, f
 k  mc" A, f c' A, f 

k   mk  Phase ' Phase ''


1
c ' A, f  cA
1 1 
"mol , A      c" A, f  
 k " mk '   m 
 c ' A, f  c ' A, f c '' A, f

 k  c" A, f  
 m 

61
 Mass transfer with first order chemical reactions
Ideal situation (irreversible 1st order reaction, well-mixed liquid DA k r
Ha 
bulk, mass transfer resistance localized in the boundary layer) k
cAi cA ≈ cA,i Ak V
Ha  1 (in practice < 0.3);  1   mol , A  k r c Ai
Vkr A
c No reaction in boundary layer
cAi Ak  Vkr 
Ha  1 (in pactice <0.3);  1  mol , A  kcAi  
cA Vkr Vk
 r  Ak 
c No reaction in boundary layer
cAi Ak
Ha  1 (in practice <0.3);  1  mol , A  kc Ai
Vkr
c cA ≈ 0 No reaction in boundary layer
cA,i Ak
Ha  1 (in practice 0.3  Ha  3);  1
Vkr
cA ≈ 0
c  mol , A  kr DA  k 2 c Ai Reaction partly in boundary layer
cA,i Ak
Ha  1 (in practice >3);  1  mol , A  kr DA c Ai
Vkr
c cA = 0
Reaction completely in boundary layer 62
x
 Simultaneous mass and heat
transport  H
p A,w  p A, g RT  c p 2
mol
 ,A
p A,w ; Tw
 Le 3
Tg  Tw H e, A
p A,g ; Tg
p A, s  p A, g RT  c p

Tg  Ts H e , A Gas flow
a
Le 
DA
3
 hydrodynamic boundary layer 
Prandtl : Pr   
 thermal boundary layer 
3
 hydrodynamic boundary layer 
Schmidt : Sc   
 mass transfer boundary layer 
3
 thermal boundary layer  Sc
Lewis : Le    
 mass transfer boundary layer  Pr 63