2019

INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURES
“Fiction and Non Fiction, Histories,
Genres and Figures of Speeches”
Ilfan Askul Pehala
Tadris Bahasa Inggris
IAIN Kendari
 Fiction & Genres
refers to literature created from the imagination.
 Drama is the genre of literature that’s subject for compositions is
dramatic art in the way it is represented. This genre is stories
composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance,
where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue and
action.
 Poetry is verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that evokes an
emotional response from the reader. The art of poetry is
rhythmical in composition, written or spoken. This genre of
literature is for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or
elevated thoughts.
 Fantasy is the forming of mental images with strange or other
worldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of
reality.
 Fiction
 Humor is the faculty of perceiving what is amusing or comical.
Fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement which meant to
entertain. This genre of literature can actually be seen and
contained within all genres.
 A Fable is a story about supernatural or extraordinary people
Usually in the form of narration that demonstrates a useful truth.
In Fables, animals often speak as humans that are legendary and
supernatural tales.
 Fairy Tales or wonder tales are a kind of folktale or fable.
Sometimes the stories are about fairies or other magical
creatures, usually for children.
 Science Fiction is a story based on impact of potential science,
either actual or imagined. Science fiction is one of the genres of
literature that is set in the future or on other planets.
 Fiction
 Short Story is fiction of such briefness that is not able to support
any subplots.
 Realistic Fiction is a story that can actually happen and is true to
real life.
 Folklore are songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a person of
“folk” that was handed down by word of mouth. Folklore is a
genre of literature that is widely held, but false and based on
unsubstantiated beliefs.
 Historical Fiction is a story with fictional characters and events in
a historical setting.
 Horror is an overwhelming and painful feeling caused by
literature that is frightfully shocking, terrifying, or revolting.
Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both the
characters and the reader.
 Fiction
 A Tall Tale is a humorous story with blatant exaggerations,
swaggering heroes who do the impossible with an here of
nonchalance.
 Legend is a story that sometimes of a national or folk hero.
Legend is based on fact but also includes imaginative material.
 Mystery is a genre of fiction that deals with the solution of a
crime or the unraveling of secrets. Anything that is kept secret or
remains unexplained or unknown.
 Mythology is a type of legend or traditional narrative. This is
often based in part on historical events, that reveals human
behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often
pertaining to the actions of the gods. A body of myths, as that of
a particular people or that relating to a particular person.
Fiction
Fiction in Verse is full-length novels with plot, subplots, themes,
with major and minor characters. Fiction of verse is one of the 
genres of literature in which the narrative is usually presented in
blank verse form.
Elements of Fictions
 Plot can be character, tone, symbols
consists of a tripartite (three-part) action structure: rising action,
climax, and falling action.
The rising action of a work consists of the main character’s
attempts to overcome whatever obstacles
stand in his or her way.
 climax follows the story’s falling action, also called the

denouement. The engine

that drives this entire plot structure is conflict. Conflict may be
internal or external.
 The main purpose of such conflict is to create a

sense of suspense in the reader to foster continued interest in the

narrative. This structure may also be
referred to as the obstacle-anxiety-relief cycle.
Elements of Fictions
 Setting
A story’s location and time is its setting.
 Character. The way in which an author creates
character is called characterization.
 Point of View
The narrator’s relationship to the story
 Symbol
Any object in a story whose meaning transcends its
literal definition
 Theme
The main idea expressed in a work of fiction
Non Fiction and Genres
refers to literature based in fact. It is the broadest
category of literature.
 Narrative Nonfiction is information based on fact that
is presented in a format which tells a story.
 Essays are a short literary composition that reflects the
author’s outlook or point. A short literary composition
on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and
generally analytic, speculative, or interpretative.
 Biography is a written account of another person’s
life.
Non Fiction
 Autobiography gives the history of a person’s life,
written or told by that person. Often written in
Narrative form of their person’s life.
 Speech is the faculty or power of speaking; oral
communication; ability to express one’s thoughts and
emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture. Generally
delivered in the form of an address or discourse.
 Textbook
 Reference book
Histories/Periods
 I. The Classical Period (1200 BCE - 455 CE)
 HOMERIC or HEROIC PERIOD (1200-800 BCE)
 CLASSICAL GREEK PERIOD (800-200 BCE)
 CLASSICAL ROMAN PERIOD (200 BCE-455 CE)
 PATRISTIC PERIOD (c. 70 CE-455 CE)
 II. The Medieval Period (455 CE-1485 CE)
 THE OLD ENGLISH (ANGLO-SAXON) PERIOD (428-1066 CE)
 THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (c. 1066-1450 CE)
 III. The Renaissance and Reformation (1485-1660 CE)
 Early Tudor Period  (1485-1558)
Elizabethan Period (1558-1603)
 Jacobean Period (1603-1625)
 Caroline Age (1625-1649)
 Commonwealth Period/Puritan Interregnum (1649-1660)
Histories/Periods
 IV. The Enlightenment (Neoclassical) Period (1660-1790 CE)
 Restoration Period (1660-1700)
 The Augustan Age (1700-1750)
 The Age of Johnson (1750-1790)

 V. The Romantic Period (1790-1830 CE)

 VI. The Victorian Period and the 19th Century (1832-1901 CE)

 VII. The Modern Period (1914-1945 CE)

 VIII. The Postmodern Period (1945 - onward)

Figures of Speech
It is a word or phrase that
possesses a separate meaning from
its literal definition.
Suatu kiasan atau kiasan retorika adalah bahasa
kiasan dalam bentuk satu kata atau frase. Ini dapat
berupa pengulangan khusus, pengaturan atau
penghilangan kata-kata dengan makna literal, atau
frasa dengan makna khusus yang tidak didasarkan
pada makna harfiah kata-kata tersebut.
Figures of Speech
Figures of Speech
 Alliteration is the repetition of the beginning sounds of
neighboring words. “She sells seashells.”
 Anaphora is a technique where several phrases or verses
begin with the same word or words. “I came, I saw, I
conquered. - Julius Caesar”
 Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds (not just
letters) in words that are close together. The sounds don't
have to be at the beginning of the word. “A - For the rare
and radiant maiden whom the angels named Lenore. (Poe)”
Figures of Speech
 Euphemism is a mild, indirect, or vague term that
often substitutes a harsh, blunt, or offensive term. 'A
little thin on top' instead of 'going bald.‘
 Hyperbole uses exaggeration for emphasis or effect.
“I've told you to stop a thousand times.”
 Irony occurs when there's a marked contrast between
what is said and what is meant, or between
appearance and reality. "How nice!" she said, when I
told her I had to work all weekend. (Verbal irony). A
traffic cop gets suspended for not paying his parking
tickets. (Situational irony). When the audience knows
the killer is hiding in a closet in a scary movie, but the
actors do not. (Dramatic irony)
Figures of Speech
 Metaphor makes a comparison between two unlike
things or ideas. “Time is money”
 Onomatopoeia is the term for a word that sounds like
what it is describing. “Whoosh”
 Oxymoron is two contradictory terms used together.
“Peace force”
 Personification gives human qualities to non-living
things or ideas. “The flowers nodded.”
 Synecdoche occurs when a part is represented by the
whole or, conversely, the whole is represented by the
part. “Wheels - a car” “The police - one policeman”
“Plastic - credit cards”
Figures of Speech
 Understatement occurs when something is said to
make something appear less important or less serious.
“It's just a scratch - referring to a large dent.” “It's a
little dry and sandy - referring to the driest desert in
the world.”