MANUFACTURI

G PROCESS
ON WELDING
DONE
BY:
M.BALAJI
18ME509
WELDING
Fabrication methods

Introduction:
 Joining two or more elements to make a single part is
termed as a fabrication process. Large no. of industrial
components are made by fabrication processes.
Ex:- Aircraft & ship bodies, bridges,building trusses etc

 It is also known as secondary manufacturing process.

Classification of fabrication
methods

 Mechanical joining by means of bolts, screws &

rivets.
 Adhesive bonding by employing synthetic glues
such as epoxy resins
 Welding , brazing & soldering
Various factors affect
during selection of
fabrication method

 Type of assembly : permanent, semipermanent &

temporary
 Materials being joined : steels, cast irons, similar
or dissimilar metals
 Economy achieved
 Types of service required : such as assembly
subjected to heavy loading, impact loading, high
temp. etc.
Welding
(fabrication method)
 Welding is a materials joining process which
produces coalescence of materials by heating them to
suitable temperatures with or without the application
of pressure or by the application of pressure alone,
and with or without the use of filler material.

 Welding is used for making permanent joints.

 It is used in the manufacture of automobile bodies,
aircraft frames, railway wagons, machine frames,
structural works, tanks, furniture, boilers, general
repair work and ship building.
Classification of welding
process
1. Arc welding:
I. gas metal arc welding
II. Gas tungsten arc welding
III. Plasma arc welding
IV. Shielded metal arc welding
V. Submerged arc welding
VI. Carbon arc welding
VII. Flux cored arc welding

2. Gas welding:
I. oxyacetylene welding
II. Oxyhydrogen welding
III. Pressure gas welding
IV. Air acetylene welding
Conti…….
3. Resistance welding:
I. Flash welding
II. Upset welding
III. Projection welding
IV. Resistance seam welding
V. Resistance spot welding

4. Other welding processes:

VI. Thermit welding
VII. Electroslag welding
VIII. Electron beam welding
IX. Laser beam welding
X. Forge welding
XI. Friction welding
XII. Diffusion welding
XIII. Explosion welding
XIV. Brazing
XV. Braze welding
XVI. soldering
Welding terms
(Terminology)
 Backing: It is the material support provided at the root side of a
weld to aid in the control of penetration.
 Base metal: The metal to be joined or cut is termed the base
metal.
 Bead or weld bead: Bead is the metal added during a single pass
of welding. The bead appears as a separate material from the
base metal.
 Crater: In arc welding , a crater is the depression in the weld
metal pool at the point where the arc strikes the base metal.
 Deposition rate: The rate at which the weld metal is deposited
per unit time is the deposition rate is normally expressed as kg/h
Conti………

 Fillet weld: The metal fused into the corner of a joint made
by two pieces placed at approximately 90 0 to each other is
termed fillet weld.
 Penetration: It is the depth up to which the weld metal
combines with the base metal as measured from the top
surface of the joint.
 Puddle: The portion of the weld joint that is melted by the
heat of welding.
 Root: It is the point at which the two pieces to be joined by
welding.
 Tack weld: A small weld , generally used to temporarily hold
the two pieces together during actual welding .
Conti……

 Toe of weld: It is the junction between the weld

face & base metal.
 Weld face: It is the exposed surface of the weld.
 Weld metal: The metal that is solidified in the
joint is called weld metal. It may be only a base
metal or a mixture of base metal & filler metal.
 Weld pass: A single movement of the welding
torch or electrode along the length of the joint
which results in a bead is a weld pass.
Types of welding joints
Welding Positions
INCREASING DIFFICULTY

FLAT

HORIZONTAL
OVERHEAD

VERTICAL
Weld joints edge
preparation methods
Electric arc welding
Electric arc welding
Conti……

 Electric arc welding is one of the most widely used welding

process, mainly because of the ease of use and high
production rate that can be achieved economically.
 Uses an electric arc to join or coalesce metals.
Arc welding Equipments
 Direct current (D.C.) machines
I. Transformer with DC rectifier
II. Motor or engine driven generator
 Alternating current (A.C.) machines
I. Transformer
II. Motor or engine driven alternator
 Two cables- one for work and one for electrode
 Electrode holder
 Electrode
 Protective shield
 Gloves
 Wire brush
 Chipping hammer
 Goggles
Difference between
AC & DC welding
AC welding:
I. More efficiency
II. Power consumption less
III. Cost of equipment is less
IV. Higher voltage – hence not safe
V. Not suitable for welding non ferrous metals
VI. Not preferred for welding thin sections
VII. Any terminal can be connected to the work or
electrode
Conti….

DC Welding:

I. Less efficiency
II. Power consumption more
III. Cost of equipment is more
IV. Low voltage – safer operation
V. suitable for both ferrous non ferrous metals
VI. preferred for welding thin sections
VII. Positive terminal connected to the work
VIII. Negative terminal connected to the electrode
Advantages of arc welding

 Most efficient way to join metals

 Lowest-cost joining method
 Affords lighter weight through better
utilization of materials
 Joins all commercial metals
 Provides design flexibility
Disadvantages of arc welding

 Manually applied, therefore high labor cost.

 Need high energy causing danger
 Not convenient for disassembly.
 Defects are hard to detect at joints.
Manual metal-arc welding
Conti…..

 Manual metal-arc welding also called shielded metal-arc

welding (SMAW).
 It is the most extensively used manual welding process,
which is done with stick (coated) electrodes.
 Weld by this process can be made in any position.
 A job of any thickness can be welded by shielded metal-
arc welding.
 SMAW can be done with either an AC or DC power
source.
 Current usage may vary from 50 to 500 A with voltage
from 20 to 40 V.
Conti…..
Advantages of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW):
 Simple, portable and inexpensive equipment;
 Wide variety of metals, welding positions and electrodes are applicable;
 Suitable for outdoor applications.

Disadvantages of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW):

 Theprocess is discontinuous due to limited length of the electrodes;
 Weld may contain slag inclusions;
 Fumes make difficult the process control.

Application
 Widely used in the fabricating industries for the construction and repair
of plain carbon and low alloy steels.
Carbon arc-welding
Conti…….

1. Carbon Arc Welding (CAW) is a welding

process, in which heat is generated by an electric arc struck
between an carbon electrode and the work piece. The arc
heats and melts the work pieces edges, forming a joint.

2. Carbon arc welding is the oldest welding process.

3. If required, filler rod may be used in Carbon Arc Welding.

End of the rod is held in the arc zone. The molten rod
material is supplied to the weld pool.

4. Shields (neutral gas, flux) may be used for weld pool

protection depending on type of welded metal.
Advantages, disadvantages
& applications
Advantages of Carbon Arc Welding:
 Low cost of equipment and welding operation;
 High level of operator skill is not required;
 The process is easily automated;
 Low distortion of work piece.
Disadvantages of Carbon Arc Welding:
 Unstable quality of the weld (porosity);
 Carbon of electrode contaminates weld material with
carbides.
Applications: Carbon arc welding is often confused with the
widely-used arc-air gouging process, which is used for
metal removal rather than metal joining. and is used for
Inert-gas shielded arc
welding
Conti…..

 The endeavour of the welder is always to obtain a joint

which is as strong as the base metal and at the same
time, the joint is as homogeneous as possible. To this
end, the complete exclusion of oxygen and other gases.
 In inert gas –shielded arc welding processes, a high
pressure inert gas flowing around the electrode while
welding would physically displaced all the atmospheric
gases around the weld metal to fully protect it.
 The shielding gases most commonly used are argon,
helium, carbon dioxide and mixture of them.
 Argon are normally preferred over helium.
Tungsten inert-gas welding
(TIG)
Conti….
 Tungsten Inert Gas Arc Welding (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) is a welding
process, in which heat is generated by an electric arc struck between a
tungsten non-consumable electrode and the work piece.

 The weld pool is shielded by an inert gas (Argon, helium, Nitrogen)

protecting the molten metal from atmospheric contamination.

 The heat produced by the arc melts the work pieces edges and joins them.
Filler rod may be used, if required.

 Tungsten Inert Gas Arc Welding produces a high quality weld of most of
metals. Flux is not used in the process.
Advantages, disadvantages
& applications
 Advantages of Tungsten Inert Gas Arc Welding (TIG, GTAW):
 Weld composition is close to that of the parent metal;
 High quality weld structure
 Slag removal is not required (no slag);
 Thermal distortions of work pieces are minimal due to concentration of
heat in small zone.
 Disadvantages of Tungsten Inert Gas Arc Welding (TIG, GTAW):
 Low welding rate;
 Relatively expensive;
 Requires high level of operators skill.
 Applications:

Gas metal-arc welding
(GMAW)
or
(MIG)
Conti…..
 Metal Inert Gas Welding (Gas Metal Arc Welding) is a arc
Welding process, in which the weld is shielded by an external gas
(Argon, helium, CO2, argon + Oxygen or other gas mixtures).

 Consumable electrode wire, having chemical composition similar to

that of the parent material, is continuously fed from a spool to the
arc zone. The arc heats and melts both the work pieces edges and the
electrode wire. The fused electrode material is supplied to the
surfaces of the work pieces, fills the weld pool and forms joint.

 Due to automatic feeding of the filling wire (electrode) the process

is referred to as a semi-automatic. The operator controls only the
torch positioning and speed.
Advantages,disadvantages

Advantages of Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG,

GMAW):
 Continuous weld may be produced (no
interruptions);
 High level of operators skill is not required;
 Slag removal is not required (no slag);

Disadvantages of Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG,

GMAW):
 Expensive and non-portable equipment is
required;
Flux-cored arc welding
Conti….

 The flux-cored arc welding(FCAW) process is a modification

of the GMAW, where the solid electrode wire is replaced by
tubular electrode containing a flux at center of the electrode
throughout its length.

 Since the electrode is not a solid wire, the feeding units should
be properly designed so as not to put excess on the electrode
resulting in its flattening.

 flux availability to remove the oxide and other contaminations

in the form of slag, which covers the weld bead during
solidification and cooling, and protects it for longer periods.
Advantages,disadvantages
& applications

Applications: FCAW is normally used for the welding of

structural steels and alloy steels etc.
Submerged arc-welding
(SAW)
Conti……
 Submerged Arc Welding is a welding process, which utilizes a bare
consumable metallic electrode producing an arc between itself and the
work piece within a granular shielding flux applied around the weld.

 The arc heats and melts both the work pieces edges and the electrode wire.
The molten electrode material is supplied to the surfaces of the welded
pieces, fills the weld pool and joins the work pieces.

 Since the electrode is submerged into the flux, the arc is invisible. The flux
is partially melts and forms a slag protecting the weld pool from oxidation
and other atmospheric contaminations.
Advantages,disadvantages
& applications
Advantages of Submerged Arc Welding (SAW):
 Very high welding rate;
 The process is suitable for automation;
 High quality weld structure.
Disadvantages of Submerged Arc Welding (SAW):
 Weld may contain slag inclusions;
 Limited applications of the process - mostly for
welding horizontally located plates
Applications:
OTHER ARC-
WELDING
PROCESSES
Atomic hydrogen welding
Conti…..

 The atomic hydrogen welding(AHW) is an inert gas

shielded arc-welding process done with non-
consumable electrodes.

 The main difference bet’n TIG (or GTAW) welding &

this process is that in AHW, the arc is obtained bet’n
two tungsten electrodes rather than bet’n the tungsten
electrode & work piece.

 The shielding gas is used here is hydrogen(H2), which

is reactive in nature compared to argon
Advantages,disadvantages
& applications
Advantages:
 This process can be used for any job
 This welding gives extremely clean weld
 Excellent quality of weld
Disadvantages:
 This welding is used for the flat positions only
 High cost prohibits its general usage
 Only Ac power supply is used
Applications:
 It is generally used for welding of tools steels
Plasma arc welding
Conti…..
 Plasma Arc Welding is the welding process utilizing heat generated by a
constricted arc struck between a tungsten non-consumable electrode and
either the work piece (transferred arc process) or water cooled
constricting nozzle (non-transferred arc process).

Plasma is a gaseous mixture of positive ions, electrons and neutral gas

molecules.

Transferred arc process produces plasma jet of high energy density and
may be used for high speed welding and cutting of Ceramics, steels,
Aluminum alloys, Copper alloys, Titanium alloys, Nickel alloys.

Non-transferred arc process produces plasma of relatively low energy

density. It is used for welding of various metals and for plasma spraying
(coating). Since the work piece in non-transferred plasma arc welding is not
a part of electric circuit, the plasma arc torch may move from one work
piece to other without extinguishing the arc.
Advantages,disadvantages
& applications
Advantages of Plasma Arc Welding (PAW):
 Requires less operator skill due to good tolerance of arc
to misalignments;
 High welding rate;
 High penetrating capability (keyhole effect);
Disadvantages of Plasma Arc Welding (PAW):
 Expensive equipment;
 High distortions and wide welds as a result of high heat
input.
Applications:
Stud arc welding
Conti….

 Arc stud welding (SW) is a welding process in which a metal fastener

(weld stud) is joined to a workpiece. This process is generally referred
to as stud welding. The metal fastener is joined under pressure once
sufficiently heated with an electric arc.

 The fastener or weld stud is positioned for welding through the use of
a stud gun. When the operator activates the stud gun trigger, the
fastener (electrode) is welded to the workpiece without the use of filler
metal. The welding duration of SW is typically one second or less.
 One end of a SW fastener is prepared for welding. A ceramic ferrule
surrounding the weld end of the fastener provides partial shielding of
the weld. The ferrule also dams the molten metal to form a fillet type
weld. Shielding gases or flux may or may not be used to protect the
weld.
 Advantages,disadvantages
&applications
Advantages:.
 Capable of producing a full cross section weldment with a minimum of base
metal distortion or surface disruption.
 Can be used in locations which do not permit use of other fastening methods.
 Process lends itself to the automated concept or high production shops.
 Capable of producing welds which are less costly per unit than other methods.
 Process may be effectively utilized with a minimum of time spent in personnel
training.
Applications:
 The arc stud welding process lends itself to a wide range of applications such as
automotive, ship building, appliance, aero-dynamics, boilers, light or heavy
construction, preassembled fabrication designs and fit-up parts design.
 The process may be utilized on a range of material thickness from about .060 in
Fire-cracker welding

 Fire-cracker welding is a variation of the manual

metal-arc welding(SMAW).
 The joint to be welded is filled with a stick
electrode, which is kept in place by means of a
glass fibre tape or a copper retaining bar.
 An arc is initiated by short circuiting the electrode
to the workpiece. once initiated, it is an automatic
process till the electrode is completely burned off.
 Flux is provided by the coating on the electrode as
well as the shielding gas.
Advantages,disadvantages
&applications
Advantages
 The process is semi-automated
 The equipment required is simple and cheap, the same as for manual arc.
 Welding is quicker than manual arc, as electrode changing is reduced.
 Porosity and slag inclusion of the finished weld is reduced, as electrode
positioning is consistent and accurate.
 The process can be applied in inaccessible areas, with poor visibility, and with less
operator skill.
Disadvantages
 The one-pass bead is limited in cross section to that of the original electrode, i.e.
there is no opportunity for weaving. Multiple passes are not generally used.
 The process is limited to straight welds in horizontal position.
Applications:
 Application in ship building industry
RESISTANCE
WELDING
Resistance welding
Conti……
 Resistance Welding is a welding process, in which work pieces are
welded due to a combination of a pressure applied to them and a localized
heat generated by a high electric current flowing through the contact area
of the weld.
 Heat produced by the current is sufficient for local melting of the work
piece at the contact point and formation of small weld pool (”nugget”). The
molten metal is then solidifies under a pressure and joins the pieces.
AC electric current (up to 100 000 A) is supplied through copper
electrodes connected to the secondary coil of a welding transformer.

The following metals may be welded by Resistance Welding:

 Low carbon steels - the widest application of Resistance Welding
 Aluminum alloys
 Medium carbon steels, high carbon steels and Alloy steels (may be welded,
but the weld is brittle)
Advantages,disadvantages
& applications
Advantages of Resistance Welding:
High welding rates;
Low fumes;
Cost effectiveness;
Easy automation;
No filler materials are required;
Low distortions.

Disadvantages of Resistance Welding:

High equipment cost;
Low strength of discontinuous welds;
Thickness of welded sheets is limited - up to 1/4” (6 mm);

applications
Resistance Welding (RW) is used for joining vehicle body parts, fuel tanks,
domestic radiators, pipes of gas oil and water pipelines, wire ends, turbine blades,
railway tracks.
Resistance spot welding
Conti…….

 Spot Welding is a Resistance Welding (RW) process, in

which two or more overlapped metal sheets are joined by
spot welds.

 The method uses pointed copper electrodes providing

passage of electric current. The electrodes also transmit
pressure required for formation of strong weld.
Diameter of the weld spot is in the range 1/8” - 1/2” (3 - 12
mm).

 Spot welding is widely used in automotive industry for

joining vehicle body parts.
Advantages, disadvantages
& applications
Projection welding
Conti……
Advantages,disadvantages
& applications
Advantages of Projection Welding:
   More than one spot weld can be made in a single operation.
 Welding current and pressure required is less.
 Suitable for automation.
 Filler metals are not used. Hence, clean weld joints are obtained.
Disadvantages of Projection Welding:
 Projections cannot be made in thin work pieces.
 Thin work pieces cannot withstand the electrode pressure.
 Equipment is costlier.
Applications of Projection Welding:
 A very common use of projection welding is the use of special nuts that have
projections on the portion of the part to be welded to the assembly. Also, used
for welding parts of refrigerator, condensers, refrigerator racks, grills etc
Upset welding
 Upset welding is a form of resistance welding in which coalescence occurs
simultaneously across the entirety of the abutting surface area, or
progressively along a joint, using heat from the base metals’ resistance to
the current passing through them.
OR
 In upset welding(UW), the w/p to be joined are brought together to mate
with each other in a butt joint compared to lap joint that has been used so
far. The two w/p are held tightly together & current is applied, so that the
heat is generated through the contact area bet’n the two plates. Because of
the joint being under pressure, the ends of the two pieces get slightly upset
& hence its name upset.

 This is useful for joining the two ends of rods or similar pieces.
Advantages,disadvantages
&applications
Advantages:
 suitable for joining many alloys that are difficult to weld using fusion processes.
 Since no melting takes place, the weld metal retains many of the characteristics
of the base metal.
 Resulting welds have a hot worked structure, and thereby have higher strength
than fusion welds in the same mate.
 Since the material being joined is not melted, compositional gradients are not
introduced, second phase materials are minimally disrupted.
Disadvantages:

Applications:
 upset welding has been adapted for fabrication of structures considered very large
compared to typical resistance welding applications. The process has been used
for closure of capsules, small vessels, and large containers.
Flash welding
Conti……
 Flash Welding is a Resistance Welding (RW) process, in which
ends of rods (tubes, sheets) are heated and fused by an arc struck
between them and then forged (brought into a contact under a
pressure) producing a weld.

 The welded parts are held in electrode clamps, one of which is

stationary and the second is movable.
Flash Welding method permits fast (about 1 min.) joining of large
and complex parts.
 Welded part are often annealed for improvement of toughness of the
weld.
 Steels, Aluminum alloys, Copper alloys, Magnesium alloys, Copper
alloys and Nickel alloys may be welded by Flash Welding.
Advantages,disadvantages
&applications

Applications:
 Thick pipes, ends of band saws, frames, aircraft landing gears are produced
by Flash Welding.
Resistance seam welding
Conti……

 Seam Welding is a Resistance Welding (RW) process of

continuous joining of overlapping sheets by passing them
between two rotating electrode wheels. Heat generated by
the electric current flowing through the contact area and
pressure provided by the wheels are sufficient to produce a
leak-tight weld.
 OTHER
FABRICATION(WELDING
) METHODS
Thermit welding
Conti……..
1.Thermit Welding is a welding process utilizing heat generated by exothermic chemical
reaction between the components of the thermit (a mixture of a metal oxide and aluminum
powder). The molten metal, produced by the reaction, acts as a filler material joining the
work pieces after Solidification.

2.Thermit Welding is mainly used for joining steel parts, therefore common thermit is
composed from iron oxide (78%) and aluminum powder (22%).

3.The proportion 78-22 is determined by the chemical reaction of combustion of aluminum:

8Al+3Fe3O4=9Fe+4Al2O3+3.01MJ/Mol

4.The combustion reaction products (iron and aluminum oxide) heat up to 4500°F
(2500°C). Liquid iron fills the sand (or ceramic) mold built around the welded parts, the
slag (aluminum oxide), floating up, is then removed from the weld surface.
Advantages, disadvantages
&applications
Advantages of Thermit Welding:
 No external power source is required (heat of chemical reaction is utilized);
 Very large heavy section parts may be joined.
 Making a fast weld
 Provides a reasonably strong weld
Disadvantages of thermit Welding:
 Only ferrous (steel, chromium, nickel) parts may be welded;
 Slow welding rate;
 High temperature process may cause distortions and changes in Grain
 structure in the weld region.
 Weld may contain gas (Hydrogen) and slag contaminations.
Applications:
 Thermit Welding is used for repair of steel casings and forgings, for joining railroad
Electroslag welding
Conti….
 Electroslag Welding is a welding process, in which the heat is
generated by an electric current passing between the consumable
electrode (filler metal) and the work piece through a molten slag
covering the weld surface.
 ESW process is developed essentially to weld very large plates
without any edge preparation.
 Prior to welding the gap between the two work pieces is filled with a
welding flux.
 The slag reaches a temperature of about 3500°F (1930°C). This
temperature is sufficient for melting the consumable electrode and
work piece edges. Metal droplets fall to the weld pool and join the
work pieces.
 Electroslag Welding is used mainly for steels.
Advantages, disadvantages &
applications
Advantages of Electroslag Welding:
 High deposition rate - up to 45 lbs/h (20 kg/h);
 Low slag consumption (about 5% of the deposited metal weight);
 Low distortion;
 Unlimited thickness of work piece.
Disadvantages of Electroslag welding:
 Coarse grain structure of the weld;
 Low toughness of the weld;
 Only vertical position is possible.
Applications:
 Fabrication of high pressure vessels
 Frames of heavy mechanical & hydraulic presses
 Rolling mill frames
 Ship hulls & locomotive frames etc.
Brazing

 Brazing is a method of joining two metal work pieces

by means of a filler material at a temperature above
its melting point but below the melting point of either
of the materials being joined.

 Flow of the molten filler material into the gap

between the work pieces is driven by the capillary
force. The filler material cools down and solidifies
forming a strong metallurgical joint, which is usually
stronger than the parent (work piece) materials. The
parent materials are not fused in the process.
Advantages, disadvantages
&applications
Advantages of Brazing :
 It's easy to learn.
 You can join virtually any dissimilar metals.
 The bond line can be very neat in appearance.
 Joint strength is strong enough for most non-heavy-duty use
applications.
Disadvantages of Brazing :
 A badly brazed joint looks similar to a good joint, and can have a
VERY low strength.
 The metal used to bond the two parts may be different in color than
the parts being bonded. This may or may not be a problem.
 Long-term effects of dissimilar metals in constant contact may
need to be examined for special applications.
Braze welding

 Braze welding is similar to brazing in that the

joint is obtained by means of a filler metal, whose
liquidus temperature is above 4500 C & below the
solidus temperature of the base metal. But the
difference is that in braze welding, the filler metal
reaches the joint without the capillary action since
the joint gap is bigger.
 Typical filler metals used in braze welding are
brasses with zinc content up to 40%.
Advantages,disadvantages
&applications
Advantages of braze welding:
 This process requires less preheating, permits greater welding
speed, demands a shorter cooling-off period, and is less likely to
crack metals, such as cast iron, during the braze welding operation.
 There is no splash or weld spatter to worry about and low
temperatures minimize distortion.
 The completed joint requires little or no finishing.
 Brazing technique does not require as much skill as the technique
required for fusion welding.
Disadvantages of braze welding:
 If the joint is to be exposed to corrosive media, the filler metal
must have the required corrosion-resistant characteristics.
 All brazing alloys lose strength at elevated temperatures.
Soldering
 Soldering is a method of joining two metal work pieces by means of a third
metal (solder) at a relatively low temperature, which is above the melting point
of the solder but below the melting point of either of the materials being joined.

 Flow of the molten solder into the gap between the work pieces is driven by the
capillary force. The solder cools down and solidifies forming a joint. The parent
materials are not fused in the process.

 Soldering is similar to Brazing. The difference is in the melting point of the filler
alloy: solders melt at temperatures below 840°F (450°C); brazing filler materials
melt at temperatures above this point.

 Soldering joints have relatively low tensile strength of about 10000 psi (70MPa).
Advantages, disadvantages
&applications
Advantages of soldering:
 Low power is required;
 Low process temperature;
 No thermal distortions and residual stresses in the joint parts;
 Microstructure is not affected by heat;
 Easily automated process;
 Dissimilar materials may be joined;
 High variety of materials may be joined;
 Thin wall parts may be joined;

Moderate skill of the operator is required .
Conti….

Disadvantages of soldering:
 Careful removal of the flux residuals is required in order to prevent corrosion;
 Large sections cannot be joined;
 Fluxes may contain toxic components;
 Soldering joints can not be used in high temperature applications;
 Low strength of joints.

Applications:
 Soldering is used in plumbing, in electronics and metalwork from flashing to
jewelry.
 Electronic soldering connects electrical wiring and electronic components to
printed circuit boards (PCBs).