Limits by Factoring

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
LIMITS by FACTORING
BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Review of Factoring
1. Factor x2 + 4x = x (x +4)
2. x -25
2
= (x-5) (x +5)
3. x2 -8x + 16 = (x-4) (x -4)
4. x2 + 3x - 28 = (x+7) (x -4)
5. 2x -7x-15
2
= (2x +3)(x-5)

1. Find

Solution by factoring
=

2. Find

(2 𝑥 −3)( 𝑥 −1)
¿ lim
𝑥→ 1 𝑥−1
= -1

3. Find

𝑥−4
¿ lim
𝑥→ 4 𝑥 − 4 ( √ 𝑥+2)

1
1

¿ lim
𝑥→ 4 ( √ 𝑥 +2)
¿ =
( √ 4+ 2)

4. Find =

= =
=-

(−2)(2)
¿
( 2 )( −1 ) −3
Finding a Limit of a Rational Function
x  2x  3
2
Example Find lim 2 .
x 1 x  3 x  2
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-6

x2  2 x  3
x 1 x  3 x  2
Solution Rule 7 cannot be applied directly

since the denominator is 0. First factor the
numerator and denominator

x2  2 x  3
x 1 x  3 x  2

x2  2x  3 ( x  3)( x  1) x3
 
x  3x  2
2
( x  2)( x  1) x2

x2  2 x  3
x 1 x  3 x  2

x2  2x  3 ( x  3)( x  1) x3 1 3
  
x  3x  2
2
( x  2)( x  1) x2 1 2
 4
For Evaluation Only
(Notebook)

Limits
Solve

Evaluate
Ans:
2/5
STRICTLY NO TALKING
2) Evaluate

Answer 2
7/5
3/2
Evaluate
3/2
9/7
Question # 4

Evaluate 1 minute

End
5
Limits
Solve

Evaluate
Ans:
7/9
STRICTLY NO TALKING
INFINITE LIMITS

VIDEO

Infinity as a Limit
If the function values decrease or increase without bounds
as the independent variables get closer to a certain fixed
number, then the function has an infinite limit.
Here, the function has an infinite limit if the limit of the

denominator is 0 and the limit of the numerator is not 0.
•1. Evaluate each of the following limits.
a. b . c.

Infinite Limits

Solution: a) , using table of values
x 4 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.01 3.001 3.0001 3.00001
f(x) 2 2.8571 5 20 200 2,000 20,000 200,000

•Conclusion: It appears that

Infinite Limits

Solution: b) , using table of values
X 2 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999
f(x) -2 -2.2222 -2.8571 -5 -20 -200 -2,000 -20,000

=

C. , hence does not exist.
Infinite Limits

=+
Vertical asymtote

=-

Infinite
Infinity asLimits
a Limit
•1. Evaluate each of the following limits.
a.
b.
c.

Infinite Limits

Solution: a) , using table of values
x 4 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.01 3.001 3.0001 3.00001
f(x) -2 -2.8571 -5 -20 -200 -2,000 -20,000 -200,000

•Conclusion: It appears that =
Infinite Limits

Solution: b) , using table of values
X 2 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999
f(x) 2 2.2222 2.8571 5 20 200 2,000 20,000

=

C. , hence does not exist.
Infinite Limits

=+
Vertical asymtote

=-

Infinite Limits

2

•Evaluate:
a)
b)
c)

Infinite Limits

Solution: a), using table of values
X 2 3 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999
f(x) .5 2 4.0816 12.5 200 20,00 2,000,000 200,000,000

0
•
Conclusion: It appears that
=
Infinite Limits

Solution: b), using table of values
X 6 5 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.01 4.001 4.0001
f(x) .5 2 4.0816 12.5 200 20,00 2,000,000 200,000,000

0


c) Since = , hence =+
Infinite Limits

=+ =+
Vertical asymtote

Infinite Limits

2

•Evaluate:
a)
b)
c)

Infinite Limits

Solution: a), using table of values
X 2 3 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999
f(x) -.5 -2 -4.0816 -12.5 -200 -20,000 -2,000,000 -200,000,000
•
Conclusion: It appears that
=
Infinite Limits

Solution: b), using table of values
X 6 5 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.01 4.001 4.0001
f(x) -.5 -2 -4.0816 -12.5 -200 -20,000 -2,000,000 -200,000,000


c) Since = , hence = -
Infinite Limits
Vertical asymtote

=- =-

Infinity as a Limit
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Summary of infinite limits Slide 12.1-37
LIMITS AT INFINITY

Limits
Limits atat Infinity
Infinity
In the previous lesson, if the function values decrease or

increase without bounds as the independent variables get
closer to a certain fixed number, then the function has an
infinite limit.
*This time , the independent variable either decreases or
increases without bound

1) Consider the function defined by f(x) =

Evaluate a) b)
Limits
Infinity

Solution , a) , using the table of values
X .5 1 2 4 6 10 100 1,000
f(x) 2 1 .5 .25 .1667 .1 .01 .001

As the value of x increases f(x) decreases. It appears that
as x approaches positive infinity, f(x) approaches zero.

Limits
Infinity

X -.5 -1 -2 -4 -6 -10 -100 -1,000
f(x) -2 -1 -.5 -.25 -.1667 -.1 -.01 -.001

As the value of x decreases f(x) increases and is approaching
zero. It appears that as x approaches negative infinity, f(x)
approaches zero.

Limits
Infinity
1
lim =0
𝑥 →+∞ 𝑥
1
lim =0
𝑥 → −∞ 𝑥

Limits
Infinity

1) Consider the function defined by f(x) =

Evaluate a) b)

Limits
Infinity

x .5 1 4 8 10 100 1,000 10,000
f(x) 4 1 .0625 .0156 .01 .0001 .000001 .00000001

As the value of x increases f(x) decreases. It appears that
as x approaches positive infinity, f(x) approaches zero.

Limits
Infinity

x -.5 -1 -4 -8 -10 -100 -1,000 -10,000
f(x) 4 1 .0625 .0156 .01 .0001 .000001 .00000001

As the value of x decreases f(x) decreases. It appears that as x
approaches negative infinity, f(x) approaches zero.

1 1
lim 2 =0 lim 2 =0
𝑥 → −∞ 𝑥 𝑥 →+∞ 𝑥

Limits as x Approaches +
1
Limits at infinity of
xn
For any positive real number n,
1 and 1
lim n  0 lim n  0.
x  x x  x

Finding a Limit at Infinity
5 𝑥−4
Example 1) Find lim
𝑥 →+∞ 2 𝑥+3
•Solution:

=
=
= =
Limits at Infinity
 x2 1 
2) lim  2 
x  x  1 
  Divide through by the
 x2 1 

x 2
 2 
x 
highest power of x
 lim 
x  x2 1 
 2 
Simplify

 x 2
x 
 1 
1  Substitute 0 for 1/xn
 lim  x2 
x  1 
1  1 0
 x2  
1 0
1
www.mrsantowski.com/MCB4U/Notes/PowerPointNotes/BCC016.ppt
Example
2
3) lim 3 x  5x  1
2
x  2  4x
www.rowan.edu/open/depts/math/.../Limits%20and%20Continuity.pp.
Example
3x 2  5 x  1
3) lim Divide by
x  2  4 x2 x2
3 5  1
x x2
 lim
x  2 4
2
x
Example
3x 2  5 x  1
3) lim Divide by
x  2  4 x2 x2
3 5  1
x x2
 lim
x  2 4
2
x
  lim  
x
lim 3  lim 5 1
 x  x  x  x2
lim
x 
 2 x   lim 4
2
x 
Example
3x 2  5 x  1
3) lim Divide by
x  2  4 x2 x2
3 5  1
x x2
 lim
x  2 4
2
x
  lim  
x
lim 3  lim 5 1
 x  x  x  x2
lim
x 
 2 x   lim 4
2
x 
3 0 0 3
 
04 4
More Examples
 2 x  3x  2 
3 2
1. lim  3 2 
x  x  x  100 x  1
 
More Examples
 2 x3 3x 2 2 
 2 x3  3x 2  2   3
 3  3 
1. lim  3
x 
 x  x 2
 100 x  1

  lim  3 x 2 x x 
x 
 x  x  100 x  1 
 3 3 
 x x 3
x 3
x 
More Examples
 2 x3 3x 2 2 
 2 x3  3x 2  2   3
 3  3 
1. lim  3
x 
 x  x 2
 100 x  1

  lim  3 x 2 x x 
x 
 x  x  100 x  1 
 3 3 
 x x 3
x 3
x 
 3 2 
 2   3 
 lim  x x
x  1 100 1 
 1  2  3 
 x x x 
More Examples
 2 x3 3x 2 2 
 2 x3  3x 2  2   3
 3  3 
1. lim  3
x 
 x  x 2
 100 x  1

  lim  3 x 2 x x 
x 
 x  x  100 x  1 
 3 3 
 x x 3
x 3
x 
 3 2 
 2   3 
 lim  x x
x  1 100 1 
 1  2  3 
 x x x 
2
 2
1
 4 x 2  5 x  21 
2. lim  
 7 x  5 x  10 x  1 
x  3 2
 4 x  5 x  21
2
  x2  2 x  4 
2. lim   3. lim  
x 
 7 x  5 x  10 x  1 
3 2 x 
 12 x  31 
 4 x 2 5 x 21 
 3
 3  3 
 lim  x x x 
3 2
x 
 7 x  5 x  10 x  1 
 3 
 x x3 x3 x3 
 4 x  5 x  21
2
  x2  2 x  4 
2. lim   3. lim  
x 
 7 x  5 x  10 x  1 
3 2 x 
 12 x  31 
 x2 2x 4 
 2
4x 5 x 21     
 3  3

x 3
x x
  lim  x x x 
 lim  3 2  x 
 12 x  31 
x 
 7 x  5 x  10 x  1   
 3   x x 
 x x3 x3 x3 
 4 5 21   4 
 x2 x
   
 lim  x x 2
x 3


x 
7
5 10
 2  3
1

 lim  
x  31
 x x x   12  
0  x 
 2
7 
12
0 
Try These!

𝑥 −2
Example 1) Find lim 2
𝑥 →+∞ 𝑥 − 3
𝑥 2
•Solution:
2
− 2
𝑥 𝑥
== lim 2
𝑥 →+∞ 𝑥 3
2
− 2
𝑥 𝑥

= = =0

5x  7 x  1
2
Example2) Find lim .

x  2 x  x  5
2
Solution Divide numerator and denominator by

the highest power of x involved, x2.
7 1
5  2
5x  7 x  1
2
x x
lim  lim
x  2 x 2  x  5 x  1 5
2  2
x x

Solution
7 1
5  2
5x  7 x  1
2
x x
lim  lim
x  2 x 2  x  5 x  1 5
2  2
x x
7 1
lim 5  

x  x x2
1 5
lim 2  
x  x x2

Solution
1 1
lim 5  7  lim  lim
5x  7 x  1
2
x  x  x x  x 2
lim 
x  2 x  x  5
2
1 1
lim 2  lim  5  lim
x  x  x x  x2
500 5
 
200 2

Video of
infinite Limits

LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL,
LOGARITHMIC, AND
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Thank you for

your
cooperation
and active
participation.
GOD BLESS
US!

Limits by Factoring

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-6

Solution Rule 7 cannot be applied directly

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-7

Solution Rule 7 cannot be applied directly

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-8

Solution Rule 7 cannot be applied directly

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-10

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Here, the function has an infinite limit if the limit of the

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-21

x 4 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.01 3.001 3.0001 3.00001

f(x) 2 2.8571 5 20 200 2,000 20,000 200,000

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-22

X 2 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999

f(x) -2 -2.2222 -2.8571 -5 -20 -200 -2,000 -20,000

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-24

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-25

x 4 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.01 3.001 3.0001 3.00001

f(x) -2 -2.8571 -5 -20 -200 -2,000 -20,000 -200,000

X 2 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999

f(x) 2 2.2222 2.8571 5 20 200 2,000 20,000

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-28

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-29

X 2 3 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999

f(x) .5 2 4.0816 12.5 200 20,00 2,000,000 200,000,000

X 6 5 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.01 4.001 4.0001

f(x) .5 2 4.0816 12.5 200 20,00 2,000,000 200,000,000

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-32

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-33

X 2 3 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999

f(x) -.5 -2 -4.0816 -12.5 -200 -20,000 -2,000,000 -200,000,000

X 6 5 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.01 4.001 4.0001

f(x) -.5 -2 -4.0816 -12.5 -200 -20,000 -2,000,000 -200,000,000

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-36

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

In the previous lesson, if the function values decrease or

f(x) 2 1 .5 .25 .1667 .1 .01 .001

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-40

X -.5 -1 -2 -4 -6 -10 -100 -1,000

f(x) -2 -1 -.5 -.25 -.1667 -.1 -.01 -.001

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-41

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-42

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-43

x .5 1 4 8 10 100 1,000 10,000

f(x) 4 1 .0625 .0156 .01 .0001 .000001 .00000001

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-44

x -.5 -1 -4 -8 -10 -100 -1,000 -10,000

f(x) 4 1 .0625 .0156 .01 .0001 .000001 .00000001

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-45

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-46

For any positive real number n,

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-47

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-61

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-62

Example2) Find lim .

Solution Divide numerator and denominator by

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-63

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-64

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12.1-65