Memory

RAM
(Random-Access Memory)
 RAM temporarily stores data that
the computer is currently
working
 on.
It requires for power to be
 turned on.
It is the determining factor in
how fast your applications or
 software run.
The information in RAM goes
away once the computer is turned
off, so it is important to save
 any work you want to keep.
It is measured in megabytes
(MBs and GBs). e fast
 The larger the size , th
RAM (Random Access
Memory) was invented
by Robert Heath
Dennard.

At
IBM Thomas J
Watson Research
Center in 1968.
Technologies Of RAM
Fpm (Fast page mode)
1990
EDO (Extended data o/p) 1994

SDRAM (Single dynamic RAM)

1996
RDRAM 1998

DDR SDRAM
2000
DDR2 SDRAM 2003

DDR3 SDRAM
2007
DDR4 SDRAM 2012
Block Diagram Of RAM:

2k x n memory

k ADRS OUT n
DAT
A CS
n
WR

CS WR Mem o ry operation
0 x None
1 0 Read selected word
1 1 Write selected word
Block Diagram Of Ram:

 This block diagram introduces the main

interface to RAM.
 A Chip Select, CS enables or disables the
RAM.
ADRS specifies the address or location to read
from or write to.
WR selects between reading from or writing to
the memory.
To read from memory, WR should be set to 0.
OUT will be the n-bit value stored at ADRS.
To write to memory, we set WR = 1.
DATA is the n-bit value to save in memory.
Position Of RAM:
Structure of Ram:
Notches for socket
”Handles”

Socket Edge connector

profile
Types Of Ram:

Random Access
Memory
SRAM (Static Random
Access Memory)

DRAM (Dynamic Random

Access Memory)
 SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
 SRAM holds data in a static form, as long as
the memory has power.
 Each bit is stored on four transistor that forms
two cross coupled inverters.

 DRAM (Dynamic Random Access

Memory)
 DRAM is called dynamic because it must
constantly be refreshed and lose the data in
very short time.
 DRAM stores each bit of data in a separate
capacitor within a integrated circuit.
Difference:

• Requires less memory. • Requires more memory.

• Access time is low. • Access time is more.

• Do not refresh. • Needs to be refreshed.

• Faster access time. • Slower access time.

• Less power consumption. • More power consumption.

• Used in cache memory. • Used in main memory.

Read Only Memory
(ROM)

 This is read only memory

which is the permanent
type of memory the
computer stores for
information that does not
change
 It stores the information
even when the computer is
shut down.
 ROM is generally installed
by the manufactured of
the computer as part of its
system.
Types of ROM

1. Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)

• Empty of data when manufactured
• May be permanently programmed by the user

2. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)

• Can be programmed, erased and reprogrammed
• The EPROM chip has a small window on top allowing it to be
erased by shining ultra-violet light on it
• After reprogramming the window is covered to prevent new
contents being erased
• Access time is around 45 – 90 nanoseconds
Types of ROM
3. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
(EEPROM)
• Reprogrammed electrically without using ultraviolet light
• Must be removed from the computer and placed in a special
machine to do this
• Access times between 45 and 200 nanoseconds
4. Flash ROM
• Similar to EEPROM
• However, can be reprogrammed while still in the computer
• Easier to upgrade programs stored in Flash ROM
• Used to store programs in devices e.g. modems
• Access time is around 45 – 90 nanoseconds
How is computer memory
measured?
 Computer memory is measured in Bytes,
which is a unit of storage capable of
holding a single character.

Kilobyte = about 1000 bytes.

Megabyte = about one million bytes.
Gigabyte = about one billion bytes.
BIOS
 Basic Input/Output System.
 When the computer is first turned on
(booted), the BIOS is responsible for
establishing basic communication with all
the computer parts.
 It is the program which wakes the
computer up when you turn it on and
reminds itself what parts it has and what
each part is supposed to do.
After booting and
performing a few
system checks,
It turns the computer
over to your operating
system.
Storage Devices
•Compact Disc Re-Writable
(CD-RW) is a type of disk
which enables you to write
onto it several times. The
storage capacity can vary, but
it typically holds 700 MB of
data.

•Compact Disc Read-Only

Memory (CD-ROM) is a disk
that enables you to write onto
it once. These are typically
used to save save music or
data that does not change.

•Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) is

a type of disk that holds
digital representations that
combine sound and graphic.
Storage Devices
 A Hard drive is a large
capacity, permanent storage
used to hold programs and
documents. This is stored
inside your computer and
holds the largest amount of
data
 A Floppy Disk is a portable
magnetic disk that can hold
up to 1.44 MB of data. This
holds the least amount of
data.
 A USB or flash disk is a
small, portable flash memory
cardthat plugs into a
Peripherals
These are devices that
connect to your
computer, but are
separate from it.
These devices can be
categorized as
either input or
output.

 Input Devices:
 These are devices that input data into your
computer such as:
Mouse


 Keyboard
 Output Devices:
 Microphone

 These are devices that output data into

forms which people can use such as:
 Monitor Activity: Which Does What?
 Scanner
 Printer
 Speakers
Power Supply
 It supplies the fuel (power), for the
computer.
 supply power to the motherboard and
the drives

It contains a fan that helps assist in the
task of cooling the computer.

It comes in a variety of wattages.
 200 watt and 250 watt, are the most commonly
used
 Ports
Ports are located on the outside of a computer and
ports are where you plug in other hardware. On
the inside of the case they are connected to the
expansion cards. Today, most new computers use
USB ports.

Printer

Keyboard
& Mouse

Monitor or LCD
Scanner (USB)