FRACTURES

A Fractur is a break in the

continuity of a bone
 Classification of
fractures . Traumatic fracture
1. On the basis of aetiology . Pathological fracture
. Stress fracture

2. On the basis of displacements . Un displaced fracture

. Displaced fracture

3. Relationship with external environment . Closed fracture

. Open fracture
4. Complexity of treatment . Simple fracture
. Complex fracture
5. On the basis of pattern
 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

Dislocation of Hip joint

Fractures on
Head of Femur

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Knee joint
Fracture on Tibia and Fibula
COMPLICATIONS OF
FRACTURES
Classification
• Immediate complications occurring at the time of the fracture

• Early complications occurring in the initial few days after the

fracture

• Late complications occurring a long time after the fracture

Immediate complications

Systemic
.Hypovolaemic shock

Local
.Injury to major vessels
. Injury to muscles and tendons
. Injury to joints
. Injury to viscera
Early complications

Systemic
. Adult respiratory distress syndrome
. Fat embolism
. DVT and Pulmonary embolism
. Aseptic traumatic fever
. Septicaemia
. Crush syndrome
Local
. Infection
. Compartment syndrome
Late complications
Imperfect union of the fractures
. Delayed union
. Non – union
. Malunion
. Cross union
Others
. Avascular necrosis
. Shortening
. Joint stiffness
 Injury to ………
• Major vessels • Nerves

Pelvic fracture - gluteal arteries Hip dislocation –sciatic nerve

Femoral shaft - femoral artery Knee dislocation-peroneal nerve
Distal femur fracture - popliteal artery
Knee dislocation - popliteal artery
Tibial shaft fracture - Tibial arteries
ACUTE
RESPIRATORY
DISTRESS
SYNDROME
Trauma

release of inflammatory mediators

causes
disruption of microvasculature
of the pulmonary system

Tachypnoea and laboured breathing

FAT EMBOLISM SYNDROME
Fracture of bone marrow

Fat globules/release of fatty acids

induces
A toxic vasculitis

Followed by platelet –fibrin thrombosis

actual obstruction of small pulmonary

vessels by fat globules
DVT and PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Virchow Triad
 CRUSH
SYNDROM
E
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