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Environmental Issues
Febriza Imansuri, MT
Environmental Factors:
Worksite Considerations
The assessment of the working
environment needs to include:
NOISE
VIBRATION
LIGHTING
AMBIENT
CONDITIONS
What are some of the key
environmental considerations
What factors are likely to
affect the performance
of the operator
How would you go
about improving
the work site
Operator’s PERCEPTION is an
important consideration…
Active process of looking for meaning in
the environment in which we live.
NOISE
VIBRATION
LIGHTING
AMBIENT CONDITIONS
NOISE
The Structure of the Ear – A review!
Distraction:
makes it difficult to maintain concentration
when there is more than one source of
auditory information
Arousal:
loud noise is arousing, but whether it has
an affect on performance is debatable
Negative Affects of Noise:
Damage to hearing
Disturbance of sleep
Impaired alertness
Frequency:
Reduce it at source.
Insulate sound.
1. Quiet
2. Conscious Awareness
3. Loud
4. Excessively Load
5. Unbearable
Personal Response
(Annoyance Scale)
1. Relaxing
2. Not Disturbing
3. Disturbing
4. Annoying
5. Highly Irritating
Hearing Sensitive Jobs
http://www2.worksafebc.com/Publications/Multimedia/Videos.asp?reportid=34284
VIBRATION
Vibration
Exposure time.
The duration per day that a worker is exposure to a vibration
source.
Hand Arm Vibration (HAV)
Measurement of vibration is related to
acceleration (m.s2) of the surface in contact
with the hand.
International Standardization
Organizations Guideline (ISO)
2631: “Guide for Evaluation
of Human Exposure to
Whole Body Vibration”
Vibration-related Disorders
Vascular disorders
• dead or white finger,
• Raynaud's phenomenon of occupational origin,
• vibration-induced white finger.
Neurological disorders
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Musculoskeletal disorders
Jobs and Hearing
LIGHTING
Vision and the Role of Lighting
Problems associated with poor lighting can
often be solved by low cost interventions
and careful design consideration.
Arrangement of working surfaces, such as
placement of machines.
Placement of work benches for natural
lighting.
Improved overhead lighting.
Changing the paint colour of walls.
Why is vision so important in
the working environment?
70 – 80% of information
entering the brain from the
sensory system is visual
Some Lighting Terminology
Luminous Flux (lumen): quantity of energy
of the light emitted per second in all
directions.
Luminous Intensity:
Intensity ability of a source or
illuminated surface to emit light.
Luminance:
Luminance the amount of light emitted by a
surface.
Good illumination
Sufficient contrast
Double vision
Headaches
Poor
respiratory
Dehydration
function
Reduced work
capacity!!
Assessing Thermal Conditions
Six Factors to assess human
response to thermal conditions:
1. Air temperature
2. Radiant temperature
3. Air velocity
4. Humidity
5. Activity of the person
6. Clothing worn by the person
Cramps
Exhaustion
Stroke
Syncope (fainting)
Work Rash
Miliaria Profunda – inability to sweat
Individual Factors:
Age/Sex
Work Capacity
Health Status
Acclimatization
Heat Balance (homeostasis)
Vasodilation
• Where the peripheral blood vessels dilate and
transfer blood (heat) to the surface of the body
where it can be lost to the surrounding
environment.
Sweating
• Heat lost by evaporation
Maximum Core Temperature
A maximum core temperature of
38°C is often used as a limit for
working environments.
Vasoconstriction
• Peripheral blood vessels constrict to
reduce the flow of blood to the body
surface that reduces heat loss.
Shivering
Psychological Responses to Poor
Ambient Conditions:
Less Severe:
• Decreased Concentration
• Decreased Response Time
More Severe:
• Mental confusion
• Unconsciousness
• Death due to Ventricular
Fibrillation (heart failure)
Permissible Heat Exposure Threshold
Limit Values in Degrees C, WBGT
Workload
Conduction
Heat transferred by touch
i.e. working in water, handling cold products, etc.
Evaporation
i.e. sweating.
Respiration
Both convective and evaporative heat loss
Occurs from the lungs by respiration as inspired air
Heat Production/Loss
D
A
B F
C
Heat Production/Loss
Evaporation
(sweat)
Respiration
Directed
Radiation
Convection
Reflected
Radiation
Conduction
Heat Disorders
Prevention
Cooling Jackets
Increased Hydration
Motion-sickness
•
Fatigue
•
Motion-induced Interruptions
•