GASES AND GAS LAWS

Chapters 13.1 and 14

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
THE THEORY OF MOVING MOLECULES
Basic assumptions describing the behavior of
gases:
1. Gas consist of small particles that are very far
apart
 Most of the volume of a gas is empty space
 Individual particles have essentially zero volume
compared to the total volume of the gas
2. Gases particles are in constant, random, straight
line motion
3. Attractive and repulsive forces between
particles are negligible
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
THE THEORY OF MOVING MOLECULES
Basic assumptions:
4. Random motion of gas particles is constantly
interrupted by collisions between particles and
between particles and surfaces
 Such collisions are perfectly elastic
 Kinetic energy may be transferred between particles
but is not lost (conserved)
5. The average kinetic energy of gas particles is
directly proportional to absolute temperature
(kelvin)
 The rate of motion of particles is related to
temperature
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
THE THEORY OF MOVING MOLECULES

Characteristics of gases:
 Gases readily change volume
 Container containing gas is always full
 Molecules separate and spread out uniformly until fill
available space
 Compressibility: can be compressed or reduced to
small fractions of original volume
 Expandability: can expand to fill virtually any volume
 Gases typically have low densities (mass to volume
ratio)
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
THE THEORY OF MOVING MOLECULES

Characteristics of gases:
 Gases exert pressure
 Due to constant random motion, molecules collide
with each other and with the walls of their container
 Collisions exert pressure on surroundings
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
THE THEORY OF MOVING MOLECULES

Characteristics of gases:
 Gas Temperature and Kinetic Energy
 Relationship between average kinetic energy of
group of gas molecules and the temperature
measured in degrees Kelvin is directly proportional
 As temperature increases, average kinetic energy
increases
of molecules ____________
 As temperature decreases, average kinetic energy
of molecules ____________
decreases
 Relationship only exists when temperature is
expressed in Kelvin scale
 Molecules have 0 kinetic energy when temp is 0 K
 Only have kinetic energy at temps above 0 K
MOVEMENT OF GAS MOLECULES
 Describes movement of
gases through other
materials
 Gas molecules move
from areas of high
concentration to low
concentration
 Examples:
 Perfume molecules
spreading across a room
 Aromas of cooking foods
waft through the house
DIFFUSION

Animation by Caitlin Claunch

MOVEMENT OF GAS MOLECULES
 Gas molecules escape
through tiny openings
 Gas molecules move
from an area of high
pressure to low
pressure
 Examples:
 Tire flattens due to a
puncture
 Balloon deflates when
stuck with a pin
EFFUSION

Animation by Caitlin Claunch

GASES REVIEW
 random motion.
Gas particles are in constant, ________
straight lines
Particles travel in ____________.
 insignificant compared to
The size of the particles is ___________
empty space.
the volume of ______
 Attraction and repulsion between particles is
negligible
__________.
 elastic because particles transfer
Collisions are ______
constant
energy but the total kinetic energy is ________.
 Temperature is the measure of average kinetic
____________
all gas
energy of particles. At a given temperature, ___
average kinetic energy.
particles have the same ______________
 In diffusion, gas particles move from high
concentration to low concentration
____________ ____________, whereas in
pressure to low
effusion, particles move from high ________
pressure
________.
VARIABLES DESCRIBING GASES
 Pressure (P): force per unit area

 Volume (V): amount of space taken up

 Temperature (T): measure of average kinetic

energy

 Number of Moles (n): amount of substance

PRESSURE
 Results from billions of gas particles in
motion and colliding against their container
 Barometer: instrument used to measure
atmospheric pressure
 Manometer: instrument used
to measure gas pressure in a
closed container
PRESSURE
 UNITS:
atm mm Hg torr psi kPa Pa

1 760 760 14.7 101.325 101,325

SI UNIT

 The relationships among the different units

of pressure can be used as conversion factors
 Values
expressed in table above describe the
same amount of pressure
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the
sum of the pressures of all the gases in the mixture

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + … Pn

101.
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa 3
kPa
FINDING THE PARTIAL
PRESSURE
A mixture of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2),
and nitrogen (N2) has a total pressure of 0.97 atm.
What is the partial pressure of O2, if the partial
pressure of CO2 is 0.70 atm and the partial
pressure of N2 is 0.12 atm?
Known Unknown
PN2 = 0.12 atm PO2 = ? atm
PCO2 = 0.70 atm
Ptotal = 0.97 atm
Ptotal = PO + PCO + PN
2 2 2

PO = Ptotal – PCO – PN
2 2 2
0.15 atm
PO2 = 0.97 atm – 0.70 atm – 0.12 atm =
 U12-3
PRACTICE/EXAMPLES
U12-3: P. 392, #4
What is the partial pressure of hydrogen gas in a
mixture of hydrogen and helium if the total
pressure is 600 mm Hg and the partial pressure
of helium is 439 mm Hg?

Known Unknown
PHe = 439 mm Hg PH2 = ? mm Hg
Ptotal = 600 mm Hg

Ptotal = PH + PHe
2

PH = Ptotal – PHe
2
161 mm Hg
PH2 = 600 mm Hg – 439 mm Hg =
U12-3: P. 392, #5
Find the total pressure for a mixture that
contains four gases with partial pressures of
5.00 kPa, 4.56 kPa, 3.02 kPa, and 1.20 kPa.

Known Unknown
P1 = 5.00 kPa Ptotal = ? kPa
P2 = 4.56 kPa
P3 = 3.02 kPa
P4 = 1.20 kPa
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4
Ptotal = 5.00 kPa + 4.56 kPa + 3.02 kPa + 1.20 kPa
= 13.78 kPa
U12-3: P. 392, #6
Find the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in a
gas mixture with a total pressure of 30.4 kPa if
the partial pressures of the other two gases in
the mixture are 16.5 kPa and 3.7 kPa.

Known Unknown
P1 = 16.5 kPa PCO2 = ? kPa
P2 = 3.7 kPa
Ptotal = 30.4 kPa
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + PCO
2

PCO = Ptotal – P1 – P2
2
= 10.2 kPa
PCO2 = 30.4 kPa – 16.5 kPa – 3.7 kPa
 p. 415: #68, #69, #70, #71

CHAPTER 13 HOMEWORK
 U12-4
Pressure Unit Conversions
Worksheet
VOLUME
 Gases expand to fill their container
 That is, they do not have a definite volume
 Gas laws explain how and when gas volume
changes
 UNITS:
L mL cm3 quart

1 1000 1000 1.057

SI UNIT
TEMPERATURE
 Measure of average kinetic energy of
particles
 Recall
KMT: At any given temperature, all gases
have same average kinetic energy
 UNITS:
 Measured using the Kelvin scale (absolute
temperature scale) developed by Lord Kelvin
 0 degrees kelvin is defined as absolute zero
 Absolute zero is the hypothetical temperature at
which all motion stops
K = °C + 273
STP
 Standard Temperature and Pressure
0°C or 273 K
1 atm or 101.325 kPa
COMBINED GAS LAW
States the relationship among pressure (P),
volume (V), and temperature (T) when amount
of gas (n) remains constant

Pressure and Temperature are

_______________
directly
Pressure and Volume are proportional
_______________
inversely
Volume and Temperature are
proportional
_______________
directly
proportional
USING COMBINED GAS LAW
A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8 kPa and 25°C.
What volume will it occupy at STP?
Rearrange to
solve for
unknown
variable, V2
VARIABLES
P1 = 71.8 kPa
V1 = 7.84 cm3
T = 25°C + 273 K = 298 K
1

P2 = 101.325 kPa
unknown
V2 =
273 K
T2 =
USING COMBINED GAS LAW
A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8 kPa and 25°C.
What volume will it occupy at STP?

VARIABLES V2 = (71.8 kPa)(7.84 cm3)(273K)

P1 = 71.8 kPa (101.325 kPa)(298K)
V1 = 7.84 cm3 V2 = 5.1 cm3
T = 25°C + 273 K = 298 K
1

P2 = 101.325 kPa
unknown
V2 =
273 K
T2 =
 p. 449: #92, #93, #94

CHAPTER 14 HOMEWORK
 U12-3
PRACTICE/EXAMPLES
U12-3: P. 430, #19
A helium-filled balloon at sea level has a
volume of 2.1 L at 0.998 atm and 36°C. If it is
released and rises to an elevation at which the
pressure is 0.900 atm and the temperature is
28°C, what will be the new volume of the
balloon?
VARIABLES
P1 = 0.998 atm
V1 = 2.1 L
T = 36°C + 273 K = 303 K
1

P2 = 0.900 atm
unknown V2 = 2.3 L
V2 =
28°C + 273 K = 301 K
T2 =
U12-3: P. 430, #20
At 0.00°C and 1.00 atm pressure, a sample of
gas occupies 30.0 mL. If the temperature is
increased to 30.0°C and the entire gas sample
is transferred to a 20.0-mL container, what
will be the gas pressure inside the container?

VARIABLES
P1 = 1.00 atm
P1V1T2
V1 = 30.0 mL P2 =
T = 0.00°C + 273 K = 273 K
1
V2T1
P2 = unknown
20.0 mL P2 = 2.3 L
V2 =
30.0°C + 273 K = 303 K
T2 =
BOYLE’S LAW
States the relationship between pressure (P) and
volume (V), when temperature (T) and amount
of substance (n) remain constant

Boyle’s Law

•Pressure and Volume are __________

inversely proportional
•As pressure increases, volume __________
decreases
•As pressure decreases, volume __________
increases
USING BOYLE’S LAW
A gas occupies 100. mL at 150. kPa. Find its
volume at 200. kPa.
Rearrange to
solve for
unknown
VARIABLES variable, V2
P1 = 150. kPa
V1 = 100. mL
T = remains constant
1

P2 = 200. kPa
unknown
V2 =
remains constant
T2 =
USING BOYLE’S LAW
A gas occupies 100. mL at 150. kPa. Find its
volume at 200. kPa.

VARIABLES
P1 = 150. kPa V2 = (150. kPa)(100. mL)
V1 = 100. mL (200. kPa)
T = remains constant
1 V2 = 75.0 mL
P2 = 200. kPa
unknown
V2 =
remains constant
T2 =
CHARLES’ LAW
States the relationship between volume (V) and
temperature (T), when pressure (P) and amount
of substance (n) remain constant

Charles’ Law

•Volume and Temperature are __________

directly proportional
•As volume increases, temperature __________
increases
•As volume decreases, temperature __________
decreases
USING CHARLES’ LAW
A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C. Find its
volume at 94°C.
Rearrange to
solve for
unknown
VARIABLES variable, V2
P1 = remains constant
V1 = 473 cm3
T = 36°C + 273 K = 309 K
1

P2 = remains constant
unknown
V2 =
94°C + 273 K = 367 K
T2 =
USING CHARLES’ LAW
A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C. Find its
volume at 94°C.

VARIABLES
P1 = remains constant V2 = (473 cm3)(367 K)
V1 = 473 cm3 (309 K)
T = 36°C + 273 K = 309 K
1
V2 = 560 cm3
P2 = remains constant
unknown
V2 =
94°C + 273 K = 367 K
T2 =
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
States the relationship between pressure (P) and
temperature (T), when volume (V) and amount
of substance (n) remain constant

Gay-Lussac’s
Law
•Pressure and Temperature are __________
directly proportional
•As pressure increases, temperature __________
increases
•As temperature decreases, pressure __________
decreases
USING GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
The pressure of a gas in a tank is 3.20 atm at
22.0°C. If the temperature rises to 60.0°C,
what will be the gas pressure in the tank?
Rearrange to
solve for
unknown
variable, P2
VARIABLES
P1 = 3.20 atm
V1 = remains constant
T = 22.0°C + 273 K = 295 K
1

P2 = unknown
remains constant
V2 =
60.0°C + 273 K = 333 K
T2 =
USING GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
The pressure of a gas in a tank is 3.20 atm at
22.0°C. If the temperature rises to 60.0°C,
what will be the gas pressure in the tank?

VARIABLES
P2 = (3.20 atm)(333.0K)
P1 = 3.20 atm
V1 = remains constant
(295.0K)
P2 = 3.61 atm
T = 22.0°C + 273 K = 295 K
1

P2 = unknown
remains constant
V2 =
60.0°C + 273 K = 333 K
T2 =
 p. 448: #88, #89, #90, #91

U12-5: CH.14 HOMEWORK

 U12-3
PRACTICE/EXAMPLES
U12-3: P. 430, #21
A sample of air in a syringe exerts a pressure
of 1.02 atm at a temperature of 22.0°C. The
syringe is placed in a boiling water bath
at 100.0°C. The pressure of the air is
increased to 1.23 atm by pushing the
plunger in, which reduces the volume to
0.224 mL. What was the original volume
of air?
VARIABLES
P1 =
V1 =
T1 =
P2 =
V2 =
U12-3: P. 422, #1
The volume of a gas at 99.0 kPa is 300.0 mL. If
the pressure is increased to 188 kPa, what will
be the new volume?

VARIABLES
P1 =
V1 =
T1 =
P2 =
V2 =
T2 =
U12-3: P. 425, #6
A gas at 89°C occupies a volume of 0.67 L.
At what Celsius temperature will the
volume increase to 1.12 L?

VARIABLES
P1 =
V1 =
T1 =
P2 =
V2 =
T2 =
U12-3: P. 427, #9
A gas in a sealed container has a pressure of
125 kPa at a temperature of 30.0°C. If the
pressure in the container is increased to
201 kPa, what is the new temperature?

VARIABLES
P1 =
V1 =
T1 =
P2 =
V2 =
T2 =
U12-3: P. 422, #2
The pressure of a sample of helium in a 1.00-L
container is 0.988 atm. What is the new
pressure if the sample is placed in a 2.00-L
container?

VARIABLES
P1 =
V1 =
T1 =
P2 =
V2 =
T2 =
U12-3: P. 430, #22
An unopened, cold 2.00-L bottle of soda
contains 46.0 mL of gas confined at a pressure
of 1.30 atm at a temperature of 5.0°C. If the
bottle is dropped into a lake and sinks to
a depth at which the pressure is 2.85 atm
and the temperature is 2.09°C, what will
be the volume of gas in the bottle?

VARIABLES
P1 =
V1 =
T1 =
P2 =
V2 =
T =
U12-3: P. 422, #3
Air trapped in a cylinder fitted with a piston
occupies 145.7 mL at 1.08 atm pressure. What
is the new volume of air when the pressure is
increased to 1.43 atm by applying force to the
piston?

VARIABLES
P1 =
V1 =
T1 =
P2 =
V2 =
T2 =
U12-3: P. 430, #23
A sample of gas of unknown pressure occupies
0.766 L at a temperature of 298 K. The same
sample of gas is then tested under known
conditions and has a pressure of 32.6 kPa and
occupies 0.644 L at 303 K. What was the
original pressure of the gas?

VARIABLES
P1 =
V1 =
T1 =
P2 =
V2 =
T2 =
U12-3: P. 427, #12
If a gas sample has a pressure of 30.7 kPa at
0.00°C, by how much does the
temperature have to decrease to lower
the pressure to 28.4 kPa?

VARIABLES
P1 =
V1 =
T1 =
P2 =
V2 =
T2 =
AVOGADRO’S LAW
 Addresses variable n (number of moles)
 States that equal volumes of gases at the
same temperature and pressure contain the
same numbers of particles
 Molar volume of gases: 22.4 L/mol at
standard temperature and pressure (STP)
 Standard temperature: 273 K or 0°C
 Standard pressure: 1.00 atm, 101.325 kPa, 760
torr, 760 mm Hg
 Conversion factor
22.4 L of any gas = 1 mol
USING AVOGADRO’S LAW
Calculate the volume that 0.881 mol of
gas at STP will occupy.

Is amount of substance (n) involved? Yes

Is gas at STP? Yes
Use relationship between volume and
number of moles (Avogadro’s Law)
USING AVOGADRO’S LAW
Calculate the volume that 0.881 mol of
gas at STP will occupy.
Conversion factor: 22.4 L = 1 mol
Unit for volume? Liter (L)

L = 0.881 mol
USING AVOGADRO’S LAW
Calculate the volume that 0.881 mol of
gas at STP will occupy.
Conversion factor: 22.4 L = 1 mol

L = 0.881 mol
mol
USING AVOGADRO’S LAW
Calculate the volume that 0.881 mol of
gas at STP will occupy.
Conversion factor: 22.4 L = 1 mol

L = 0.881 mol
mol
USING AVOGADRO’S LAW
Calculate the volume that 0.881 mol of
gas at STP will occupy.
Conversion factor: 22.4 L = 1 mol

L = 0.881 mol L
mol
USING AVOGADRO’S LAW
Calculate the volume that 0.881 mol of
gas at STP will occupy.
Conversion factor: 22.4 L = 1 mol

L = 0.881 mol 22.4 L

1 mol
USING AVOGADRO’S LAW
Calculate the volume that 0.881 mol of
gas at STP will occupy.

L = 0.881 mol 22.4 L

1 mol
L = 19.7 L
USING AVOGADRO’S LAW
Calculate the volume that 2.0 kg of
methane gas (CH4) will occupy at STP.

L = 2.0 kg 1000 g 1 mol 22.4 L

1 kg 16.0 g 1 mol

L = 2800 L
 p. 415: #66, #67
Express answers in atm, kPa, and torr.

U12-2: CH. 13 HOMEWORK

p. 449: #95, #96

U12-5: CH. 14 HOMEWORK

 U12-3
PRACTICE/EXAMPLES
U12-3: P. 432, #24

Determine the volume of a container that

holds 2.4 mol of gas at STP.

U12-3: P. 432, #25

What size container do you need to hold

0.0459 mol N2 gas at STP?
U12-3: P. 432, #26

What volume will 1.02 mol of carbon monoxide

gas occupy at STP?

U12-3: P. 432, #27

How many moles of nitrogen gas will be

contained in a 2.00-L flask at STP?
U12-3: P. 432, #28

If a balloon will rise off the ground when it

contains 0.0226 mole of helium in a volume of
0.460 L, how many moles of helium are needed
to make the balloon rise when its volume is
0.865 L? Assume that temperature and
pressure stay constant.
U12-3: P. 433, #29

How many grams of carbon dioxide gas are in a

1.0-L balloon at STP?

U12-3: P. 433, #30

What volume in milliliters will 0.00922 g H 2 gas

occupy at STP?
IDEAL GAS LAW
 Describes the physical behavior of an ideal
gas in terms of all four variables
 Pressure(P)
 Volume (V)
 Temperature (T)
 Amount of gas (n)
IDEAL GASES VS. REAL GASES
 Described by Kinetic
Molecular Theory
 Particles have no volume,
no intermolecular
attractive forces, and
perfectly elastic
collisions
 Follow all gas laws
under all conditions of
temperature and
pressure
IDEAL GASES
 Behave less like ideal
gases at extremely
high pressures and
low temperatures
 Polar gases do not
behave as ideal gases
 Larger gas molecules
behave less like ideal
gases than smaller gas
molecules
REAL GASES
 IDEAL GAS LAW
 Combines:
 Boyle’s Law
 Charles’ Law Combined Gas Law
 Gay-Lussac’s Law
 Avogadro’s Law

If number of moles (n) is constant → Combined Gas Law

If number of moles (n) is not constant, and
At STP → Avogadro’s Law
Not at STP → Ideal Gas Law
IDEAL GAS CONSTANT (R)
 Experimentally determined
 Three possible numerical values

How will you know

which value to use?
USING THE IDEAL GAS LAW
A sample of nitrogen gas (N2) has a volume of
5.56 liters at 0.00°C and 1.50 atm pressure.
How many moles of nitrogen are present?
Rearrange to
VARIABLES solve for
unknown
P = 1.50 atm variable, n
V = 5.56 L
n = ? mol

R =

T = 273 K
USING THE IDEAL GAS LAW
A sample of nitrogen gas (N2) has a volume of
5.56 liters at 0.00°C and 1.50 atm pressure.
How many moles of nitrogen are present?

VARIABLES
P = 1.50 atm
V = 5.56 L
n= (1.50 atm)(5.56 L)
n = ? mol
( ( )(273 K)
R =
n = 0.372 mol
T = 273 K
 U12-3
PRACTICE/EXAMPLES
 Avogadro’s Law
WHICH GAS LAW? 22.4 L = 1 mol
What volume does 9.45 g of C2H2 occupy at STP?

L = 9.45 g C2H2 1 mol C2H2 22.4 L C2H2

26.0 g C2H2 1 mol C2H2

L = 8.14 L
 Ideal Gas Law
WHICH GAS LAW? PV = nRT
What volume does 9.45 g of C2H2 occupy at STP?
Rearrange to
solve for
unknown
VARIABLES variable, V
P = 101.325 kPa
V = ?L
n = 9.45 g = 0.3634615385 mol
26.0 g/mol

R =

T = 273 K
WHICH GAS LAW?
What volume does 9.45 g of C2H2 occupy at STP?

VARIABLES
P = 101.325 kPa
V = ?L
n = 9.45 g = 0.3634615385 mol
26.0 g/mol

R =

T = 273 K
 WHICH GAS LAW?
What volume does 9.45 g of C2H2 occupy at STP?

V = (0.3634615385 mol)( )(273 K)

(101.325 kPa)
V = 8.14 L
WHICH GAS LAW?
You decide to go on a long hot air balloon ride, and pack a
bottle of shampoo for your trip. There is some gas inside the
shampoo bottle when you climb into the basket at the beginning
of your journey. Being the good scientist that you are, you
decide to take constant measurements of your surroundings.
The shampoo bottle contains 435 mL of gas, is under a pressure
of 1.10 atm, and is at a temperature of 30.0°C. As you climb
high into the air, the bottle starts to expand and eventually
explodes, covering you and your companions with Pert Plus®.
Eager to explain this phenomenon, you take some quick
measurements, noting that the pressure has dropped to 0.734
atm and the temperature is now 5.00°C. To what new volume
did the gas inside the shampoo bottle expand?

VARIABLES
P1 = 1.10 atm P2 = 0.734 atm
V1 = 435 mL V2 = ? = 598 mL
T = 30.0°C = 303 K
1 T = 5.00°C = 278 K
2
 U12-1
Gas Laws Notes
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
 Stoichiometric calculations always require a
balanced equation
(1) N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
 Coefficients indicate ratios of reactants and
products
1 mole of nitrogen gas reacts with 3 moles of
hydrogen gas to produce 2 moles of ammonia
gas
OR
 1 volume of nitrogen gas reacts with 3 volumes
of hydrogen gas to produce 2 volumes of
ammonia gas
 Volume ratios only work when all reactants
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
How many liters of gaseous ammonia will
be made from 5.00 L of hydrogen gas
reacting with excess nitrogen gas?

L NH3 = 5.00 L H2
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
How many liters of gaseous ammonia will
be made from 5.00 L of hydrogen gas
reacting with excess nitrogen gas?

L NH3 = 5.00 L H2
L H2
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
How many liters of gaseous ammonia will
be made from 5.00 L of hydrogen gas
reacting with excess nitrogen gas?

L NH3 = 5.00 L H2 L 2NH3

3 L H2

= 3.33 L NH3
 U12-10
Volume-Volume WS
 U12-1
Gas Laws Notes
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
Gas stoichiometry problems can involve mass
and volume
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)
What volume (in L) of hydrogen can be
produced when 6.54 g of zinc reacts with
hydrochloric acid at STP?
L H2 = 6.54 g Zn
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
Gas stoichiometry problems can involve mass
and volume
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)
What volume (in L) of hydrogen can be
produced when 6.54 g of zinc reacts with
hydrochloric acid at STP?
L H2 = 6.54 g Zn1 mol Zn
65.4 g Zn
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
Gas stoichiometry problems can involve mass
and volume
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)
What volume (in L) of hydrogen can be
produced when 6.54 g of zinc reacts with
hydrochloric acid at STP?
L H2 = 6.54 g Zn1 mol Zn 1 mol H2
65.4 g Zn1 mol Zn
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
Gas stoichiometry problems can involve mass
and volume
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)
What volume (in L) of hydrogen can be
produced when 6.54 g of zinc reacts with
hydrochloric acid at STP?
L H2 = 6.54 g Zn1 mol Zn 1 mol H2 22.4 L H2
65.4 g Zn1 mol Zn 1 mol H2

2.24 L H2
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
Gas stoichiometric calculations only involving
volume do not take the temperature and
pressure conditions into consideration
 After mixing, each gas is at the same
temperature and pressure
Gas stoichiometric calculations involving volume
and mass must take temperature and pressure
conditions into account
 volume-volume relationships from balanced
chemical equation are combined with
 the Ideal Gas Law
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
When 3.00 L of propane gas is completely
combusted to form water vapor and carbon
dioxide at a temperature of 350°C and a
pressure of 0.990 atm, what mass of water
vapor will result? (p. 449, #102)
CC
3H3H
8 8(g)
(g) + + 5O
O2 (g) → 4H
H2O2O(g)
(g) ++ CO
3CO
2 (g)
2 (g)

1. Determine volume of water produced

(volume-volume relationships).

L H2O = 3.00 L C3H8 4 L H2O

= 12.0 L H2O
1 L C3H8
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
When 3.00 L of propane gas is completely
combusted to form water vapor and carbon
dioxide at a temperature of 350°C and a
pressure of 0.990 atm, what mass of water
vapor will result? (p. 449, #102)
C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 4H2O (g) + 3CO2 (g)

2. Determine number of moles under given

conditions (Ideal Gas Law).

n = 0.232265784 (0.990
mol atm)(12.0 L H2O)
=
(0.0821 Latm)(623 K)
molK
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
When 3.00 L of propane gas is completely
combusted to form water vapor and carbon
dioxide at a temperature of 350°C and a
pressure of 0.990 atm, what mass of water
vapor will result? (p. 449, #102)
C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 4H2O (g) + 3CO2 (g)

g H2O = 0.232265784 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O

1 mol H2O
g H2O = 4.2
4.180784112
g H2O g H2O
 U12-10
Gas Stoichiometry WS
 p. 449 - #100, #103, #104

U12-5 CH. 14 HOMEWORK

100. 4.15 g C3H8
103. 2KClO3 (s) → 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)
5.70 L O2
104. a. 2CO (g) + 2NO (g) → N2 (g) + 2CO2 (g)
b. 2 volumes CO volume = L, mL or cm 3

2 volumes CO2
c. 17.1 L N
 U12-3
PRACTICE/EXAMPLES
U12-3: P. 437, #41
If the pressure exerted by a gas at 25°C in a
volume of 0.044 L is 3.81 atm, how many
moles of gas are present?
Variable(s) involved? P, V, T, n
Gas law/application? Ideal Gas Law

P: 3.81 atm
V: 0.044 L n = 0.0069 mol
n: ?
R: Latm
0.0821 molK
T: 298 K
U12-3: P. 433, #33

Calculate the volume that 4.5 kg of ethylene

gas (C2H4) will occupy at STP.
Variable(s) involved? V, n @STP
Gas law/application? (mass)
Avogadro’s Law

3600 L C2H4
U12-3: P. 425, #7
The Celsius temperature of a 3.00-L sample of
gas is lowered from 80.0°C to 30.0°C. What
will be the resulting volume of this gas?
Variable(s) involved? V, T
Gas law/application? Combined Gas Law

VARIABLES
P1 =
V1 =
T1 =
P2 = V2 = 2.58 L
V2 =
T2 =
U12-3: P. 441, #57
Determine the volume of hydrogen gas needed to
react completely with 5.00 L of oxygen gas to
form water.
Variable(s) involved? V
Gas law/application?
volume-volume stoichiometry
 Write the balanced chemical equation.
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (g)

L H2
Unknown:
Given: 5.00 L O2
Answer: 10.0 L H2
U12-3: P. 437, #43
Calculate the volume that a 0.323-mol sample
of a gas will occupy at 265 K and a pressure of
0.900 atm.
Variable(s) involved? P, V, T, n
Gas law/application? Ideal Gas Law

P: 0.900 atm
V: ? V = 7.81 L
n: 0.323 mol
R: Latm
0.0821 molK
T: 265 K
U12-3: P. 437, #44
What is the pressure in atmospheres of a
0.108-mol sample of helium gas at a
temperature of 20.0°C if its volume is 0.505 L?
Variable(s) involved? P, V, T, n
Gas law/application? Ideal Gas Law

P: ?
V: 0.505 L P = 5.14 atm
n: 0.108 mol
R: Latm
0.0821 molK
T: 293 K
U12-3: P. 427, #13
A rigid plastic container holds 1.00 L methane
gas at 660 torr pressure when the temperature
is 22.0°C. How much more pressure will
the gas exert if the temperature is raised
to 44.6°C?
Variable(s) involved? P, T
Gas law/application? Combined Gas Law
VARIABLES
P1 =
V1 =
T1 =
P2 = P2 = 711 torr
V2 = Additional pressure of
T2 = 51 torr will be exerted.
U12-3: P. 441, #56
What volume of oxygen is needed to react with
solid sulfur to form 3.5 L SO2?
Variable(s) involved? V
Gas law/application?
volume-volume stoichiometry
 Write the balanced chemical equation.

S (s) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g)

Unknown: L O2
Given: 3.5 L SO2
Answer: 3.5 L O2