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• Earthing System
• Protection Against Electric Shocks
• Earth Faults Protection
• Protection Against Voltage Surges
2
• Earth: The conductive mass of the Earth, whose
electric potential at any point is conventionally
taken as zero.
• An earth is defined as a connection to the
general mass of earth.
3
(1) Earth electrode
(2) Earthing conductor
(3) Protective conductor
(4) Electrical installation
(5) Bonding conductor
(6) Main earthing terminal
(7) Removable link
4
• A conductor or other metal is ‘earthed’
when it is effectually connected to the general
mass of earth by means of a metal rod or a
system of metal water pipes or other
conducting object.
• ‘Solidly earthed’ or ‘Bolted earthed’ when it is
earthed without the intervention of a fuse,
switch, circuit breaker , resistor, reactor, or
solenoid.
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• Earthing is meant by having every item of
apparatus and every conductor shall be
prevented from giving rise to earth leakage
currents.
• It is carried out by ensuring any metal liable to
become charge should be earth and every part
of the earthing circuit should be properly
installed.
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• Other alternatives to earthing that could be
employed are by having an all insulted
construction, double insulation and by having
an isolation.
• Earthing protects people and equipment from
potentially dangerous over‐voltages and
leakages associated with electrical equipment
in homes, offices, retail outlets and industrial
plant.
7
Grounding
• Connecting equipment and points on electrical systems
to the earth or an earth substitute.
• Purpose is to limit overvoltages between the equipment
and the earth due to lightning, faults, etc.
Bonding
• Connecting equipment together and to the system
neutral point.
• Purpose is to limit voltages between equipment and to
provide a path for ground fault current.
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• Reason (1) – Minimise overvoltages
Lightning
strike
Utility phase conductor
Lightning transformer
arrester
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• Reason (2) – Limit voltage potential on
equipment enclosures
Ungrounded Insulation Grounded Insulation
motor frame breakdow motor frame breakdow
n n
415V
feeder 240V Equipment 0V
conductors earthing
conductor
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• Reason (3) – Provide a low‐impedance path for
fault current
Ungrounded Insulation Grounded Insulation
motor frame breakdow motor frame breakdow
Overcurrent n Overcurrent n
devices devices
415V IF
I = 0A IF
feeder Equipment IF
conductors earthing
IF
conductor
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• Designing a safe earthing system means
providing the easiest and shortest path for the
fault current without exposing a person to
electric shock.
• Satisfactory earthing is the most important part
of an electrical installation because operation
of all the protective devices depend upon it.
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• The total impedance of the conductor,
connecting the metal‐work of the installation
to the earth electrode (earth continuity
conductor) measured between the earth
electrode and any other part of the installation
at supply frequency should not exceed 1.0 .
• If the resistance is higher than 1.0 (excessive
resistance), it is an indication of improper
earthing.
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• Earth lug terminal rusty
• Loose wire connection
• Layers of paint on the electric apparatus
• Loose connection of earth wire to the plug and
socket outlet
• Loose connection between conduit and
terminal box
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• T = Terre (French word for earth)
• I = Isolation (all live parts isolated from earth or
supply connected to earth through an impedance
for isolation.
• N = Neutral (in AC system, the earth point is
normally the neutral point).
• S = Separé (neutral and protective functions
provided by separate conductors).
• C = Combiné (neutral and protective functions
combined in a single conductor, PEN).
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• TT system (earthed neutral)
One point at the supply source is connected directly to earth. All exposed‐ and
extraneous‐conductive‐parts are connected to a separate earth electrode at the
installation. This electrode may or may not be electrically independent of the source
electrode.
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• TN‐C system
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• TN‐S system
The protective conductor and the neutral conductor are separate. On underground
cable systems where lead‐sheathed cables exist, the protective conductor is
generally the lead sheath.
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• TN‐C‐S system
In the TN‐C‐S system, the TN‐C (4 wires) system must never be used downstream of
the TN‐S (5 wires) system, since any accidental interruption in the neutral on the
upstream part would lead to an interruption in the protective conductor in the
downstream part and therefore a danger.
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• IT system (isolated neutral)
No intentional connection is made between the neutral point of the supply source
and earth. Exposed‐ and extraneous‐conductive‐parts of the installation are
connected to an earth electrode.
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• IT system (impedance‐earthed neutral)
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• Simplest solution to design and install. Used in
installations supplied directly by the public LV distribution
network.
• Does not require continuous monitoring during operation.
• Protection is ensured by special devices, the residual
current devices (RCD), which also prevent the risk of fire
when they are set to 500 mA.
• Each insulation fault results in an interruption in the
supply of power, however the outage is limited to the
faulty circuit by installing the RCDs in series or in parallel.
• Loads or parts of the installation which, during normal
operation, cause high leakage currents, require special
measures to avoid nuisance tripping.
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TN‐C system
TN‐S system
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• Requires the installation of earth electrodes at regular
intervals throughout the installation.
• Requires that the initial check on effective tripping for the
first insulation fault be carried out by calculations during the
design stage, followed by mandatory measurements to
confirm tripping during commissioning.
• Requires that any modification or extension be designed and
carried out by a qualified electrician.
• May result, in the case of insulation faults, in greater damage
to the windings of rotating machines.
• May, on premises with a risk of fire, represent a greater
danger due to the higher fault currents
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• Solution offering the best continuity of service during
operation.
• Indication of the first insulation fault, followed by mandatory
location and clearing, ensures systematic prevention of
supply outages.
• Generally used in installations supplied by a private MV/LV or
LV/LV transformer.
• Requires maintenance personnel for monitoring and
operation.
• Requires a high level of insulation in the network (implies
breaking up the network if it is very large and the use of
circuit‐separation transformers to supply loads with high
leakage currents).
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• An electric shock is the pathophysiological effect
of an electric current through the human body.
• The degree of danger for the victim is a function of
the magnitude of the current, the parts of the
body through which the current passes, and the
duration of current flow.
• When a current greater than 30 mA passes
through a human being from one hand to feet, the
person concerned is likely to be killed, unless the
current is interrupted in a relatively short time.
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Zones time/current of effects of AC current on human body when passing from left hand to feet
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• A direct contact refers to a person coming into
contact with a conductor which is live in
normal circumstances.
Is = Touch current
31
• An indirect contact refers to a person coming
into contact with an exposed‐conductive‐part
which is not normally alive, but has become
alive accidentally (due to insulation failure or
some other cause).
Is = Touch current
Id = Insulation fault current
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• Protection by the insulation of live parts
• Protection by means of barriers or enclosures
• Use of residual current operating device, which
operate at 30 mA or less, and are referred to
as RCDs of high sensitivity
RCD
Insulation
Envelope
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• The earthing of all exposed‐conductive‐parts of
electrical equipment in the installation and the
constitution of an equi‐potential bonding
network.
• Automatic disconnection of the
supply of the section of the
installation concerned, in such a
way that the touch‐voltage/time
safety requirements are
respected for any level of touch
voltage (Vc). 35
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TN‐C
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To load
fault
earth
Current
Transformer
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BEX 42803/ BEF 33203/ BEE 4213 – Utilisation of Electrical Energy
– RCBO:
Residual Circuit Breaker with overcurrent protection. This is a combined
MCB/RCD and provides overload, short circuit and earth fault protection in one
unit
– SRCD:
Socket outlet with combined RCD
– PRCD:
This is a portable RCD unit with an inbuilt plug top and socket
outlet
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Phase
LOAD
Detection Coil
Neutral
Relay
Test Button
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Test Resistor
LOA
L1
D
L2
Earthed
L3
Neutra Metalwor
l Detection Coil k
Magnetic Core
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• Transformers
– They reduce voltage surges by inductor effect and make
certain harmonics disappear by coupling. This
protection is not very effective.
• Filters
– Based on components such as resistors, inductance
coils and capacitors they are suitable for voltage surges
caused by industrial and operation disturbance
corresponding to a clearly defined frequency band. This
protection device is not suitable for atmospheric
disturbance.
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BEX 42803/ BEF 33203/ BEE 4213 – Utilisation of Electrical Energy
• Wave absorbers
– They are essentially made up of air inductance coils
which limit the voltage surges, and surge arresters
which absorb the currents. They are extremely
suitable for protecting sensitive electronic and
computing equipment.
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• Main characteristics
– The rated voltage of the protection device must
correspond to the network voltage at the installation
terminals.
– When there is no voltage surge, a leakage current
should not go through the protection device which is on
standby.
– When a voltage surge above the allowable voltage
threshold of the installation to be protected occurs, the
protection device abruptly conducts the voltage surge
current to the earth by limiting the voltage to the
desired protection level, Vp.
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