Current, Voltage and

Resistance
ENTC 210: Circuit Analysis I

Rohit Singhal
Lecturer
Texas A&M University
Administrative Tasks
 Fix Exam Schedule
 Lab details
 TA – Mr. Pankaj Bhagawat
 Sections Merge
Atoms and their structure

electron

neutron

proton
Atomic Structure
 Mass of an Electron = 9.11 x 10-28 gm.
 Mass of a Proton = 1.672 x 10-24 gm.
 Proton is ~1836 times heavier than the
electron
Atomic Structure
 Unit of Charge = Coulombs
 Charge on electron = charge on a proton =
1.6 x 10-19 C
 1 Coulomb = Charge on 6.242 x 1018
electrons
Coulomb’s Law
 Like charges repel, opposites attract
F = k Q1 Q2 / r2
k = 9 x 109 (units?)
Coulomb’s Law
 Like charges repel, opposites attract
F = k Q1 Q2 / r2
K = 9 x 109 N m2/C2
Conduction
 In metals, the electrons are “more free”
than the insulators.
 Whenever there is a charge present at one
end, the electrons flow to (or away) from
that charge.
Current
 Rate of flow of charge
 1 Amp = 1 Coulomb / 1 Second.
Question
 If a laptop needs constantly needs 2 Amps
current from a battery, how many electrons are
drained from the battery in one hour?
 1 Amp = 6.242 x 1018 electrons/second
 2 Amp = 12.484 x 1018 electrons/second
 In one hour - > 3600 x 12.484 x 1018 electrons
 Answer is 4.49 x 1022 electrons
Question
 What’s the weight of all those electrons?
 4.49 x 1022 x 9.11 x 10-28 gm
 4.09 x 10-5 gm
Equations
 I = Q/t
Q=Ixt
 t = Q/I
Potential
 Every particle of mass m raised to a height
h above the earth’s surface has a potential
energy m.g.h
 This potential energy can be raised by
raising the particle a little higher
 When the particle is set free, it travels to
the point of least potential.
Electric Potential
 Similarly, a charge wants to travel to a
lower “electric” potential.
 A negative charge on the other hand,
wants to travel to a higher potential.
 Each point in a circuit has a potential.
Voltage
 Voltage is always measured between two
points.
 It is defined as the difference of potential
between the two points.
 Measured in volts
Volts
 1 volt is defined as the potential difference,
which results in an energy exchange of 1
Joule due to the movement of 1 Coulomb
across it.
DC Voltage Supply
Conductivity
Metal Conductivity (%)
Silver 105
 Copper is the most Copper 100
popular conductor. Gold 70.5
Aluminum 61
Tungsten 31.2
Nickel 22.1
Iron 14
Constantan 3.52
Nichrome 1.73
Calorite 1.44
Resistance
 Resistance is proportional to length
length

direction of current flow

Resistance
 Resistance is inversely proportional to the
cross sectional area

direction of current flow

Resistance
 R = ρ L/A
 ρ is the resistivity of
the material (units?)
Material ρ (10-8 Ohm-Metres)
Silver 1.645
Copper 1.723
Gold 2.443
Aluminum 2.825
Tungsten 5.485
Nickel 7.811
Iron 12.299
Tantalum 15.54
Nichrome 99.72
Tin Oxide 250
Carbon 3500
American Wire Gage (AWG) sizes

AWG # Diameter (in) Ω /1000ft.

0000 0.46 0.0490
000 0.409 0.0618
0 0.325 0.0983
1 0.289 0.1240
2 0.257 0.1563
4 0.204 0.2485
10 0.102 0.9989
14 0.0640 2.525
28 0.0126 64.90
Color Coding
 5 Bands of code (3 are mandatory)
 Bands 1 - 3  the value of the resistor
 Band 4  the range (tolerance)
 Band 5  the reliability
Color Code (Band 1-3)
Color Value
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9
Example

2 6 x 103 = 26 K Ohms
Band 3 (special cases)
 Gold = 0.1
 Red Blue Gold = 2.6 Ohm
 Silver = 0.01
 Red Blue Silver = 0.26 Ohm
More Bands
Band 4 Tolerance

Gold 5%

Silver 10%

None 20%

Band 5 Reliability
(after 1000 Hrs of use)
Brown 1%
Red 0.1%
Orange 0.01%
Yellow 0.001%
Example

= 26 K Ohms ± 5%, 1 in 100,000 fails after 1000 hrs of use