PHYSICS 2

OPTICS
 A PARTICLE LIGHT

 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
Light is an electromagnetic wave.
It can travel in free space at velocity c.
Light can
be split
into
different
colors
through
dispersio
n
MAX PLANCK
PROPOSED WITH ALBERT EINSTEIN THE
WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY
PROPERTY OF LIGHT.

𝐸=h𝑓
 

𝐸=h𝑐 /λ
 

h = Const. 6 = 6.63 x 10^-34 J-

s
c = speed of light 2.998x10^8
 EXAMPLE
Calculate the energy of a photon of infrared
light energy at 1.55 micrometers.
PHOTOMETRY
It is the
measure of
visible light
based on the
response of the
average human
observer.
 LUMINOUS INTENSITY
 Power of the light
𝐹
 
source.
 The amount of light 𝐼=
power emanating
from a point source
𝜔
within a solid angle of Where:
1 steradian. I = luminous intensity (candela)
F = luminous flux (lumen)
 Unit: candela ω = solid angle (steradian)
sphere 4π
 ILLUMINANCE
 Luminous flux per
𝐹
 
unit area.
 Light level or 𝐸=
amount of light that 𝐴
covers an area of
surface.
Where:
 Unit: Lumen per sq. E = illumination (lumen/m^2)
m (Lux) F = luminous flux (lumen)
A = area (m^2)
 Also called
Illumination.
 LUMINANCE
𝐼
 Amount of light  

reflected from an
𝐵=
object in a specific
direction.
𝐴
 Unit: candela per
sq. m (nit) Where:
B = luminance (candela/m^2)
I = luminous intensity (candela)
A = area (m^2)
 EXAMPLE
A light source emits a total luminous flux of
500 lumens. The light is distributed over 30%
of the sphere. What is the luminous intensity
from the light source?
Ans. 132.6 candles
 EXAMPLE
A light source emits a total luminous flux of 2000
lumens. What is the illuminance at a distance of 1.5m
if the light source is distributed uniformly over a
hemisphere?

Ans. 141.47lumens/m^2
 WHEN LIGHT HITS
REFLECTION A NON-LUMINOUS
SMOOTH OBJECT,
LIGHT BOUNCES
OFF IN A SPECIFIC
DIRECTION.
LAW OF REFLECTION
REFRACTION
The change in
direction and
speed of light
when light
travels to a
different
medium.
 INDEX OF
REFRACTION
Material n   
The ratio of the
Water 1.33 speed of light in free
space to the speed
Glass 1.50 of light in the actual
Quartz Crystal 1.54 medium.
Glycerin 1.47
Alcohol 1.36
Silicon 3.40
Gallium Arsenide 2.60
LAW OF
REFRACTION𝑛
 
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1=𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2
1
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
 EXAMPLE
What is the angle of refraction of light as a
beam of parallel light enters a block of ice
at angle of incidence of 30°? Use index of
refraction of air and ice as 1.0 and 1.31
respectively.
Ans. 22.44°
 EXAMPLE
A light ray is incident at an angle of 25deg on
one side of a glass plate. At what angle will
the light ray emerges from the other side of
the glass plate? Index of refraction of glass
and air are 1.6 and 1.0 respectively.
Ans. 15.3deg
MIRRORS
PLANE MIRRORS
flat surfaces that can produce an exact replica of the object.

Characteristics:
1.Produce virtual and upright images.
2.Presence of left-right phenomena.
3.Images produced are of the same size as the
object.
4.Images produced have the same distance as
the object.
PLANE MIRROR
Virtual images are always located behind the
mirror where light does not really come from.
CONCAVE MIRRORS
A  concave mirror is a


converging mirror and

has a positive focal
length.
CONCAVE MIRRORS
CHARACTERISTICS:
Characteristics:
1. As object moves closer, image distance and
image height increases.
2. When object is at the focal point, there is no
image.
3. When object is within the focal point, image
is magnified, upright and virtual.
4. When object is outside the focal point,
image is real and inverted.
5. As the object approaches the mirror, image
height becomes very close to object height.
CONVEX MIRROR
Any incident ray
traveling parallel to
the principal axis on
the way to a convex
mirror will reflect in
such a manner that
it’s extension will pass
through the focal
point.
CONVEX MIRROR CHARACTERISTICS

Characteristics:
1.Field of view is wider.
2.Image is always smaller,
upright and smaller.
3.As the object approaches the
mirror, it becomes larger.
LENS-MIRROR EQUATION
f =  focal length is

 
1 1 1 ( + ) if converging
= + ( - ) if diverging
𝑓 𝑜 𝑖 O = object distance (+)
i = image distance

−𝑖 h 𝑖
  (+) real (-) virtual

𝑚= = = image height

𝑜 h𝑜 = object height
m = magnification
 SIGN CONVENTION FOR
MIRRORS
QUANTITY + -
o Always Never
i Real Virtual
f Converging Diverging
(concave) (convex)
m Upright image Inverted image
 EXAMPLE
A 1.5-cm high diamond ring is placed 20 cm
from a concave mirror whose radius of
curvature is 30 cm. what is the size of the
image?
a.2.5 cm
b.-4.5 cm
c.-5.5 cm
d.6.5 cm
 THIN LENSES
PIECES OF GLASS OR OTHER TRANSPARENT MATERIALS SHAPED IN A WAY
THAT LIGHT WOULD EITHER DIVERGE OR CONVERGE TO A SINGLE POINT
AFTER REFRACTION.
CONVEX LENS (CONVERGING)
CONCAVE LENS (DIVERGING)
POWER OF THE LENS
 
Amount by which the lens can change the


curvature of a wave. It is equivalent to the

reciprocal of the lens’ focal length.
Unit = Diopter (