Structural Considerations Bridges

Bridge Structural Considerations
Structural Considerations
for Bridges
Bridge Engineering Section

Technical Standards Branch
BIM
Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Introduction
• Bridge members must be able to carry loads applied to them.
• Forces resisted by bridge members:
 Axial forces
 Bending forces
 Shear forces
 Torsional forces
• This presentation considers:
 How bridge members are stressed by loads
 How bridge materials resist stress
 How bridges accommodate thermal movements

2
BIM
Force
Fy
F (FORCE)
Fx
Fz

3
BIM
Stress
• What is a stress?
 Loads cause stresses
 Stresses are the internal forces 40000 N
• How to calculate stress?
Stress = Force/Area
= 40000/200x100
= 2MPa
0
200 10

4
BIM
Strain
• It is described as the amount of deformation.
• It denotes the ratio of material’s deformed dimension to its
original dimension.
L
Strain = ΔL/L
ΔL
5
BIM
Deformation & Modules of Elasticity

• Elastic Deformation - It is reversible distortion of a material.
• Plastic Deformation – It is the irreversible distortion of a
material.
• Modulus of Elasticity (E) = Stress/Strain

6
BIM
Response to Loading
• Forces resisted by bridge members:
 Axial forces
 Bending forces
 Shear forces
 Torsional forces

7
BIM
Response to Loading
Rigid Body
• A rigid body does not deform under load.
Equilibrium
• When a particle is at rest or moves with constant velocity.

∑V = 0
∑H = 0
∑M = 0

8
BIM
Types of Applied Stresses

FORCE
STRESS
PLANE
Tensile Stress
FORCE

9
BIM

FORCE
STRESS
PLANE
Compressive Stress
FORCE

10
BIM
Compression (C)
C
N.A
N.A
Tension (T)
T
Positive Moment

11
BIM
T
Tension (T)
N.A
N.A
C
Compression (C)
Negative Moment

12
BIM
Bending Stress
fb
Bending Stress
fb = Mc/I

13
BIM
FORCE
STRESS
PLANE Shear Stress

14
BIM
Beams – Horizontal Shear Stress

HORIZONTAL
SHEARING PLANE
SHEAR STRESSES
DIAGONAL TENSILE STRESS

15
BIM
Torsional Forces

16
BIM
Types of Supports
R(H) Pin
R(V)
Roller
R(V)
M
R(H) Fixed Support
R(V)
17
BIM
Span Classification
Simple Span

18
BIM
Shear
A B
20 kN
5 15
A B
A B
RA = 20x15/20 = 15 kN RB = 20x5/20 = 5 kN
15 kN 5 kN
A B
15 kN 5 kN
∑V = 0

19
BIM
Shear Diagram
20 kN
15 kN 5 kN
15 kN
20 kN
5 kN

20
BIM
Bending Moment
20 kN
5 15
15 kN 5 kN
15 kN
a ∑V = 0
15 kN
∑M = 0
15a kNm
15 kN
15 kN

21
BIM
Bending Moment Design

20 kN
5 15
5 kN
15 kN
15x5 =
15 kN
75 kNm 20 kN
5x15 = 75 kNm 5 kN
75 kNm

22
BIM
Span Classification
Deflection
Shear
Moment
Continuous Span
23
BIM
Span Classification
Deflection
Shear
Moment
Cantilever
24
BIM
Stress in Steel
COMPRESSION
YIELD STRESS
LENGTHEN SHORTEN
YIELD STRESS
TENSION

25
BIM
Steel Bridge Members

ROLLED BEAM ROLLED BEAM WITH
COVER PLATES
RIVETED PLATE GIRDER

WELDED PLATE GIRDER
BOX GIRDER

26
BIM
Steel Beams – Bending Stress
ROLLED BEAM
ROLLED BEAM WITH COVER PLATES
WELDED PLATE GIRDER WITH VARYING FLANGE SIZES

27
BIM
Steel Beams – Compression Stress

COMPRESSION FLANGE
CROSS BRACING

28
BIM
Steel Beams – Shear Stress

BEARING STIFFENERS
INTERMEDIATE
STIFFENERS
LONGITUDINAL
STIFFENERS

29
BIM
Composite Beam
CONCRETE DECK SHEAR STUDS
STEEL BEAM

30
BIM
Stress in Concrete
COMPRESSION
STRESS
LENGTHEN SHORTEN
TENSION

31
BIM
Concrete Bridge Members
SOLID CONCRETE SLAB
CONCRETE T-GIRDER

32
BIM
Concrete Bridge Members
“A” GIRDER “G” GIRDER
“E” GIRDER “H”, “HC”, “VH” GIRDER

33
BIM
Concrete Beams – Bending Stress
TENSION CRACK (Typ)

REINFORCING STEEL

34
BIM
Concrete Beams – Shear Stress
TENSION CRACKS
SHEAR CRACK (Typ)
REINFORCING STEEL

35
BIM
Prestressed Concrete
FORMS
Prestressing steel
Tensioning Operation
Cracks if Concrete crushes

prestress too high if
prestress too high
May split
Prestress Transfer

36
BIM
Anchorage Stress
Tensile
Disturbed Region Compressive
b
h fx = P/bh
P

37
BIM
Anchorage Stress
Bursting Zone
0.34
0.30
0.20
0.10
Spalling Zone 0.05

38
BIM
Anchorage Stress
Tensile
Compressive

39
BIM
Anchorage Stress
2
Concentrated
Load
Possible Tension Cracks

40
BIM
Prestressed Concrete Bridge Members

SHEAR KEY
SHEAR KEY
CHANNEL SHAPED
FC, VF, LF, FM GIRDER BOX GIRDER
(RD & RM)
CAST-IN-PLACE DECK
DBT GIRDER
O GIRDER

41
BIM
Prestressed Concrete Bridge Members

CAST-IN-PLACE DECK
NU GIRDER
PT DUCT
ENDS OF GIRDERS
PIER

42
BIM
Thermal Stress
INCREASE IN LENGTH
DECREASE IN LENGTH

43
BIM
Thermal Stress
DECK JOINT
EXP. BEARING
EXP. BEARING
FXD. BEARING PIER
ABUTMENT ABUTMENT

44
BIM
Thermal Stress
DECK JOINT
BEARING BEARING
PIER
ABUTMENT ABUTMENT

45
BIM
Stress in Concrete
APPROACH BRIDGE DECK APPROACH
SLAB SLAB
CONTROL
CONTROL JOINT
JOINT

46
BIM
END

47
BIM

Structural Considerations Bridges

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Structural Considerations Bridges

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Bridge Structural Considerations

Bridge Engineering Section

Bridge Engineering Section

Bridge Engineering Section

• How to calculate stress?

Bridge Engineering Section

Deformation & Modules of Elasticity

Bridge Engineering Section

Bridge Engineering Section

• A rigid body does not deform under load.

• When a particle is at rest or moves with constant velocity.

Bridge Engineering Section

Types of Applied Stresses

Bridge Engineering Section

Types of Applied Stresses

Bridge Engineering Section

Types of Applied Stresses

Bridge Engineering Section

Types of Applied Stresses

Bridge Engineering Section

Bridge Engineering Section

Types of Applied Stresses

Bridge Engineering Section

Beams – Horizontal Shear Stress

DIAGONAL TENSILE STRESS

Bridge Engineering Section

Bridge Engineering Section

R(H) Fixed Support

Bridge Engineering Section

Bridge Engineering Section

Bridge Engineering Section

Bridge Engineering Section

Bending Moment Design

Bridge Engineering Section

Bridge Engineering Section

Steel Bridge Members

RIVETED PLATE GIRDER

Bridge Engineering Section

Steel Beams – Bending Stress

ROLLED BEAM WITH COVER PLATES

WELDED PLATE GIRDER WITH VARYING FLANGE SIZES

Bridge Engineering Section

Steel Beams – Compression Stress

Bridge Engineering Section

Steel Beams – Shear Stress

Bridge Engineering Section

Bridge Engineering Section

Bridge Engineering Section

Concrete Bridge Members

SOLID CONCRETE SLAB

Bridge Engineering Section

Concrete Bridge Members

“A” GIRDER “G” GIRDER

“E” GIRDER “H”, “HC”, “VH” GIRDER

Bridge Engineering Section

Concrete Beams – Bending Stress

TENSION CRACK (Typ)

Bridge Engineering Section

Concrete Beams – Shear Stress

Bridge Engineering Section

Cracks if Concrete crushes

Bridge Engineering Section

Bridge Engineering Section

Bridge Engineering Section